普通生态学考试题习题库

《普通生态学》一、Pleaseexplainthefollowingterms(3pointseach,18pointstotally).[名词解释,每个3分,共18分]（1）Introductionecology（生态学）（2）autoecologyniche（生态位）fundamentalniche（基础生态位）competitiveexlusionprinciple（竞争排斥原理）fitness（适合度）environment（环境）Liebig’slawofminimum（利比希最小因子定律）Shelford’slawoftolerance（谢尔福德的“耐受性定律”）ecologicalvalenceoramplitude（生态价、生态幅、耐性限度）lawoflimitingfactor（限制因子定律）VantHoff’slaw（范霍夫定律或Q10定律）developmentalthresholdtemperature（发育起点温度）lawofeffectivetemperature（有效积温法则）（3）populationecologyPopulation（种群）ecologicalinvasion（生态入侵）innatecapacityofincrease(orintrinsicrateofincrease)[内禀增长率]densitydependence（密度制约）densityindependence（非密度制约）agestructure（年龄椎体或年龄金字塔）Survivorshipcurve（存活曲线）ecologicalnatality（生态出生率）ecologicalmortality（生态死亡率）maximumnatality（最大出生率）minimummortality（最低死亡率）ecologicalstrategy（生态对策）（4）communityecologypioneerspecies（先锋物种）climax（顶级群落）bioticcommunity（生物群落）communitysuccession（群落演替）growthform（生长型）lifeform（生活型）ectone（群落交错区）：edgeeffect（边缘效应）：\nspeciesdiversity（物种多样性）：dominantspecies（优势种）functionalgroup(guild)（同资源种团或功能团）：（5）ecosystembiomass（生物量）primaryproduction（初级生产）biogeochemicalcycle（生物地化循环）ecosystem（生态系统）：biosphere（生物圈）：ecologicalpyramid（生态椎体或生态金字塔）foodchain（食物链）foodweb（食物网）trophiclevel（营养级）Ⅱ.PuttheappropriateecologicaltermsintotheBlankinordertomakethesentencemeaningful(onepointeachblank,10pointstotally).[填空题,每空1分，共10分]（1）introductionHumanbeingareconfrontedwiththefivecrisissuchas,food,,,environment.Dividedbytheorganizationlevels,theecologyincludemolecularecology,autoecology,ecology,ecology,ecology,ecology,globalecology.Dividedbythehabitat,ecologyincludeterrestrialecology,ecology,estuaryecology,ecology,etc.Dividedbytheorganisms,ecologyincludeecology,ecology,andmicroorganismecology.Classicecologyincludeautoecology,,,,andecosystemecology.（2）autoecologyThewaysoftolerancetoextremelylowtemperatureare,,.Thespatialdistributionpatternsofapopulation(种群的空间分布格局)includeevendistribution(均匀分布),distribution,anddistribution.（3）populationecologyThetypesofnaturalselectioninclude,directionalselection,.Thedrivesofevolutionincludeand.Theself-regulationschoolsinclude,,and.Theprocessesofspeciationare,,and.Thethreewaysofspeciationare,,.Accordingtotheshapeofagepyramid,itcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes,thatis,,,and.Theinter-specificrelationshipbetweenlionanddeeris.Theinteractionbetween\npenicillinandbacteriumis.Walnutquinonesecretedbywalnutcaninhibitthegrowthofitssurroundingplants,sotherelationshipbetweenwalnutanditssurroundingplantsbelongsto.（4）communityecologyThethreemodeltoexplainthesuccessionmechanisminclude,,.（5）ecosystemecologyThefunctionofecosysteminclude,,.Theretypesofbiogeochemicalcyclesare,,.Thetwomaintypesoffoodchainsareand.,,andarethethreefunctionalgroupsthatconsistofecosystem.Themaximalecosysteminglobeis.Thefigurebelowisasimplifiedsketchmap(示意图)offoodweb(食物网)ingrasslandecosystem,pleasegivetheanswerforthesixquestionsbelowaccordingtothissketchmap.（1）Thenumberoffoodchain(食物链)inthisfoodwebis.（2）Thenumberoftrophiclevel(营养级)ofhawkis.（3）Theinter-specificrelationshipbetweenhawkandfoxis.（4）Thelifeform(生物)withthehighestenergyamongthecomponentsofthisecosystemis.Theenergywereultimatelytransferredtohawk,theefficientfoodchainis             .（5）IfweuseDDTtocontrolthepestinsect(害虫)thatdoharmtograsses,thenwecaninferthatthelifeformwiththehighestconcentration(浓度)ofDDTis_______.（6）Ifthehawk,snake,andfoxarelargelyhuntedintheshortterm,thelifeformwillbeseriouslynegativelyinfluencedis.15.种间关系包括（举例说明是什么关系）16.他感、异种抑制、抗生17.趋同进化等18.生态型、生活型（举例）19.演替ⅢTrueorfalse(onepointseach,12pointstotally).[是非题，每小题1分，共12分]\n（1）introduction()32.Populationecology,communityecology,ecosystemecology,andlandscapeecologyallbelongtoresearchcontentoftheclassicecology.()35.Molecularecologybelongstotheresearchdomainofclassicecology.()36.Modernecologyincludemolecularecology,globalecology,andclassicecology.（2）autoecology()4.Solarradiationisaconditionforaninsect,butaresourceforaplant.()4.Wateristheresourceforoneplantatanytime.()17.Foranyorganism,thevalueofincreaseinheartbeatfrequency(心跳次数)bya10℃riseintemperatureistwotothree.()22.Iftheecologicalnicheoftwospeciesarethesame,itissurethatonespeciesamongthetwospeciesdestined(注定)togotoextinction(灭绝).()21.OrganismsintheTropicalZone（热带）areabletotolerate(耐受)muchhighertemperaturethanthoseinTemperateZone（温带）andFrigidZone（寒带）,soorganismsinTropicalZoneareeurytherms(广温生物)whileorganismsinTemperateZonearestenotherms(狭温生物).（3）populationecology()1.Mostanimalsbelongtounitaryorganism(单体生物).()1.Themostplantsbelongtomodularorganism(构件生物).()2.Onespeciesmaybeobtainssomebenefitsfromtheotheronewhentheycompeteeachotherforresources.()2.Inthebroadsense(广义上说),parasitismisonekindofpredation.()3.Time-specificlifetableisdrawnupusingthedataonmortality(死亡)overtimeobtainedthroughobservingacohort(同生群).()3.Age-specificlifetableisdrawnupusingthedataonmortality(死亡)overtimeobtainedthroughobservingacohort(同生群).()15.Selfregulationschoolbelongstoendogenousregulationtheory.()16.AccordingtoHardy-Winberg’slaw,thegeneandgenotypefrequencyineachgenerationswillretainconstantinasmallpopulation.()19.Ecologicalfactors(生态因子)canbedividedintodensity-dependent(密度制约)anddensity-independent(非密度制约)factors,lightandtemperaturearedensity-independentfactors,whilefoodisdensity-dependent.()20.Parasitesandtheirhostareinco-evolution(协同进化).()23.Realized(ecological)natalityisnotonlydeterminedbyactualecologicalconditions,butalsorestrained(限制)byphysiologicalconditions.()24.Theresultofstaticlifetablearemorereliable(可靠的)thanthatofdynamictablelife.()25.Therearemorespecialistsinstableconditionsthangeneralistsincapricious(变化无常的)conditions.()27.Antibiosisbelongstoamensalism.()28.Theinter-specificrelationshipbetweenblackcarp(鳙鱼)andsilvercarp(鲢鱼)ismutualism.\n()31.Theinteractionbetweentermiteandflagellate(鞭毛虫)initsintestineiscommensalisms.()34That1000kgsilvercarpshavefishedperunitfishingeffortstandsforrelativedensity.（4）communityecology()18.Speciesdiversity(物种多样性)inTropicalZone(热带地区)islowerthaninTemperateZone(温带地区).()5.Thesuccessiondirectionoffacilitationmodelispredictable.()5.Polyclimaxhypothesisarguethattheclimaxofacommunityisdeterminedonlybytheclimate.()6.Theecologistsoftheorganismicschoolarguethattherearenotobviousborderlinebetweentwocommunities.()6.Oneofthesuccessionviewpoint(演替观)ofindividualisticschoolisthatitisdifficulttopredictthesuccessiondirectionofacommunity.()7.Wecanclassifiedtrees(乔木)intobroad-leavedandneedle-leavedintermofgrowthform.()8.TherearetwocommunitiesAandB,andeachofthemhas100individuals.CommunityAhastwospecieseachwith50individuals.CommunityBhastenspecies,buttheeachofwhichhas10individuals,respectively(分别地).SowecanconcludethatthespeciesbiodiversityofcommunityAishigherthanthatofcommunityB.()9.Afteraforestisloggedbythewayofclearcutting(皆伐),therewilloccursecondarysuccession.()14.Itwillnotincur(招致,引起)anynegativeeffectsonacommunitytoremovealltheredundantspecies(冗余种)fromthiscommunity.()29.Plantscanbeclassifiedintotrees,lianas(藤本植物),shrubs,epiphytes(附生植物),herbs,thallophytes(菌藻植物)intermsoflifegrowth.（5）ecosystemecology()11.Thebiomassoftheloweroftrophiclevelmustbehigherthanthatofthehighertrophiclevel.()12.Theenergydecreaseswithincreaseoftrophiclevel.()13.Sulfurcycle(硫循环)belongstosedimentarycycle(沉积型循环)anddoesn’tbelongtogaseouscycle.()26.Themoretheproductionofriceis,themoreisthebiomassofit.()10.Thereare158000kgofbigheadcarp(鳙鱼)inalakewithareaof100km2inagiventime(某一时刻),sothebiomassofthebigheadcarpcanbecalculated.()33.Thenumberoftrophicleveloftheecosystemisgenerallylessthanseventoeight.Ⅳ.Tomaketherightchoice(onepointeach,12pointstotally)[选择题，每小题1分，共12分]（1）introduction8.Theecologistwhofirstlygavedefinitionforecologyis().A.HackelB.ClementsC.TansleyD.Lack\n33.()belong(s)totheresearchdomainofclassicecology.A.populationecologyB.communityecologyC.ecosystemecologyD.landscapeecology（2）autoecology1.Theauricle(外耳)ofarcticfox(北极狐)ismarkedlyshorterthanthatofredfox(赤狐)intemperatezone,andtheauricleofredfoxisobviouslyshorterthanthatoflarge-earfox(大耳狐).Wecanuse()toexplainthisphenomenon.A.Bergmann’sruleB.Allen’sruleC.Shelford’lawoftoleranceD.Jordan’rule3.Whale,dolphin,sealion,seaelephant,andseadogallbelongtomammal,andsharkbelongstofish,buttheyallhavethefin-likestructuretoadaptthemselvestowaterenvironment.Wecantermthisphenomenon().A.convergenceadaptationB.competitionC.mutualismD.divergenceadaptation20.Whenthereareshortofcalcium(钙)intheenvironment,strontium(锶)cansubstitutesforcalcium(Ca.)inthegrowthanddevelopmentofmollusk.Wecantermthiseffectas().A.Combinedeffect(综合作用)B.complementaryeffect(互补作用)C.Non-substitutable(不可替代作用)D.Definitiveness(限定性作用或阶段性作用)21.Theconcentrationofnitrogen,potassium,phosphorusinthesoilcanbeabsorbedbyacroptoproduce250kg,350kg,and500kgofthiscrop,respectively(分别地),sotherealizedproductionofthiscropisabout().A.250kgB.350kgC.500kgD.1100kg25.Amongthefollowingecologicalfactors,()are/isprobably(很可能地)theconditions(oracondition)fortheplantsbuttheresource(s)forinsects.A.solarradiationB.airC.waterE.temperature31.Thepositionoflightcompensationpoint(光补偿点)forsunspecies(阳地或阳性物种)is()thatforshadespecies(阴性或阴地物种).A.higherthanB.lowerthanC.thesameasD.higherthanorlowerthanorthesameas（3）populationecology6.Thebasicunitofspecies’existenceinnatureis().A.individualB.populationC.speciesD.community7.ThemaincharacteristicsofK-selectorinclude(s)（）.A.smallbodyB.largebodyC.highreproductionrateD.lowreproductionrate9.Thespatialdistributionpatternofpopulationinclude().A.uniformdistributionB.randomdistributionC.clumpeddistributionD.verticaldistribution10.()don’tbelongtopositiveinteractionamongthefourinter-specificrelationshipsfollowed.A.competitionB.amensalismC.predationD.mutualism11.Thedynamicsofpopulationofthealgae(藻类)thatinsultedinredtidebelongsto().\nA.irregularfluctuationB.regularfluctuationC.populationoutbreakD.ecologicalinvasion12.Asecondarymetaboliziedmaterial(次生代谢产物)isreleasedintoenvironmentbyaplant,whichcaninhibitedtheotherplantsfromgrowth,weoftentermthisphenomenon().A.allelopathy(他感作用)B.apparentcompetetion(似然竞争)C.competetionD.territoriality(领域性)13.InLogisticgrowthequation‘dN/dt=rN(1-N/K)’,()denotestheresidualspace(剩余空间)。A.1/KB.N/KC.1-N/KD.N(1-N/K)14.WhenTriboliumcastaneum(杂拟谷盗)andOryzaephilussurinamensis(锯谷盗)areculturedtogether,theycompeteforfoodandeateachother’seggs.Theinteractionbetweenthetwoanimalsbelong(s)to().A.exploitationcompetitionB.interferencecompetitionC.Apparentcompetition(似然竞争)D.amensalism15.()belong(s)tomodularorganism.A.brackenfern（欧洲蕨）B.insectC.fishD.sheep16.()belong(s)tounitaryorganism.A.insectB.brackenfern（欧洲蕨）C.hydroidsD.sponges17．ThegeneofHuntington’sdisease(亨廷顿舞蹈病)wasoftenfoundamongtheAfrikaner(南非白人，布尔人)populationinSouthAfricanestablishedby20immigrantsofoneshiploadfromEurope,andthisgenewasoriginallytakenbyaDutchman(荷兰人),oneofthe20immigrants.Accordingtothebackground,wecaninferthatHuntington’sdiseaseistheresultof().A.FoundereffectB.geneticdriftC.geneticbottleneckD.Hardy-Winberg’slaw18.Thepopulationofbirdwillincreasewhenfoodavailability(可获得性)ishigh,whichwillgodownwhenthereareshortoffoods.Accordingtotherelationshipbetweenbirdpopulationsizeandfoodavailability,wecaninferboldly(大胆地)thattheregulationmechanismofbirdpopulationbelongsto().A.bioticschoolB.climaticschoolC.endocrinalregulationtheoryD.geneticregulationtheory19.Populationgrowthmodel‘Nt＝λtN0’’describes().A.thepopulationgrowthwhentheresourceisunlimitedandthegenerationisnon-overlapped;B.thepopulationgrowthwhentheresourceisunlimitedandthegenerationisoverlapped;C.thepopulationgrowthwhentheresourceislimitedandthegenerationisnon-overlapped;D.thepopulationgrowthwhentheresourceisunlimitedandthegenerationisoverlapped.23.()belong(s)tor-strategist.\nA.locust(蝗虫)B.giantpanda(大熊猫)C.whitewhale(白鲨)D.Chineseriverdolphin(白暨豚)24.Theinter-specificrelationshipbetweenantandaphid(蚜虫)is().A.primitivecooperation(原始合作)B.mutualism(互利合作)C.amenanlism(偏利共生)28.Thefollowinglifeform(生物)thatdoesn’tbelongtothemodularorganism（构件生物）is().A.coral(珊瑚)B.hydroid(水螅)C.pinetree(松树)D.insect26.Itiscalled()fortherelationshipbetweenabeeanditspollinatedflower（授粉的花）.A.primitivecooperationB.predationC.parasitismD.commensalism29.Thetypesofdensitydependenceinclude(s)().A.overcompensationB.undercompensationC.exactcompensationD.balancingcompensation30.()doesn’tbelongtointer-specificrelationship.A.competitionB.predationC.parasitismD.cannibalism(自相残杀)32.Theinter-specificrelationshipbetweenpenicillinandbacteriumbelong(s)to().A.antibiosisB.amensalismC.commensalismsD.allelopathy34.Whenthepopulationsizeis(),thepopulationincreaseinthemaximumrate.A.morethanK/2B.lessthanK/2C.thesameasK/2D.thesameasK35.Theparasitizingbeeslayeggsinthebodyoftheirparasitizedinsects,andwillgraduallykilltheparasitizedinsects,sotherelationshipbetweenthemis()A.parasitoidism(拟寄生)B.parasitism(寄生)C.amensalism(偏害作用)D.commensalisms(偏利作用)（4）communityecology2.Theclimaxinthe‘Monoclimaxtheory’denotes().A.ClimateclimaxB.animalclimaxC.soilclimaxD. topographicalclimax4.()canbeexclusivelyusedtodeterminewhetheraspeciesinacommunityisdominantornot.A.numberofspecies物种数量B.biomassofspecies物种生物量C.sizeofspecies物种的体积D.itsroleinthecommunity物种在群落中的作用22.()belong(s)toecologicalequivalentspecies.A.riceandcottonB.appleandcoconuttree(椰子树)C.hyacinth(水葫芦)andreedD.cactusandplantsofzygophyllum(霸王科,霸王属)（5）ecosystemecology5.Lindammefficiencydealswith()betweentwotrophiclevels(营养级).A.relationshipofenergyB.informationtransferC.mattercycleD.trophicrelationship27.Amatureecosystemshouldhaveafeatureof().A.P/R>>1B.Simplelinearfoodweb（直线型食物网关系）C.moreK-strategistsD.lowerdiversity36．()is/arethedecomposeroftheecosystemA.earthworm(蚯蚓)B.bacteria(细菌)C.fungus(真菌)D.greenalga(绿藻)\nⅤ.Pleaseanswerthequestionsbelowinbrief(6pointseach,24pointstotally).[简答题，每题6分，共24分]1.Pleasegivethedefinitionofresourcesandconditions,andtakeexample(s)todescribethedifferencesbetweenresourcesandconditions.[简述资源、条件的定义，并举例说明资源与条件的区别]。2.Pleaselistthetypesofsurvivorshipcurve,thecharacteristicsandonerepresentativespeciesofeachcurve.[存活曲线有哪几种？每种存活曲线有哪些特征？各种曲线列出1个物种]。3.Pleaselisttherulesofanimal’sevolvedresponsetotemperature,anddescribeitsmeaningsinbrief.[从进化角度看，动物对温度的响应规律（evolvedresponsetotemperature）有哪些]？4.Whatarethefourfundamentalcomponentsoftheecosystem?andwhatfunctionsthecomposer,consumer,andproducerplayintheecosystem?[生态系统有哪些主要组成成分？生产者、消费者和分解者在生态系统中各起什么功能？]5.Pleasebrieflydescribethemorphological,physiological,andbehavioraldifferencesbetweenr-selectorandK-selector.[简述r-选择者和K-选择者在形态、生理、行为特征方面的主要区别有哪些？]6.Pleasebrieflydescribethemaincharacteristicsofr-selectorandK-selector,respectively.[分别简述r-对策者和K-对策者的主要特征。]7.Pleasedescribethemainviewpointofthreeclimaxhypothesises.[简述三种顶级群落理论的主要观点]。8.Pleasebrieflydescribethecharacteristicsandparameterofpopulation.[种群的特征、参数有哪些？并分别加以简单描述。]9.Pleasebrieflylistthemaincharacteristicsofthreetypesofagepyramids.[简述三种年龄锥体的特征。]10．Pleasebrieflydescribethereasonwhythenumberoftrophiclevelsislessthansix?[简要说明为什么不能超过6个营养级]11.Pleaselisteightkindsofinter-specificrelationship,andbrieflydescribethecharacteristicsofthoserelationships.[请列出8种种间关系，并简要描述各种种间关系的特点]12.Pleasebrieflydescribethethreetypesofnaturalselection.[对三种自然选择类型进行简要描述].Ⅵ.Pleaseanswerthequestionsbelowindetail(Pleasechoosetwoquestionsfromthethreeonesbelow,12pointseach,24pointstotally)[论述题,从三道题中任选二题,每题12分，共24分）1.WhyitisverydifficulttocontrolthenumberofpestinsectsandharmfulrodentandtorestorethepopulationoftheendangeredspeciessuchassouthChinatigers(华南虎),giantpanda,andChineseRiverDolphin(白暨豚)?[试论为何很难控制害虫、害鼠的种群数量，而濒危物种如大熊猫、华南虎、白暨豚的恢复难度则非常大？]2.WhythefourmajorChinesecarps(四大家鱼)canberaisedinthesamepondandtheirproductionishigh?Pleaseexplainthisphenomenonintermofnichetheory,principleofinter-specificrelationship,andthelawofenergyinflux.[四大家鱼养殖在同一池塘中能获得高产，试从生态位理论、种间相互作用原理及能量流动规律角度进行分析。]2.Pleaseexplaintheecologicalmechanisms,whichleadtothehighproductionoftraditionalChinesepolyculturestockedwithsilvercarps,bigheadcarps,grasscarps,andblackcarps,by\nusingthefoodchaintheory,interspecificrelationshipsandnichetheory?[请用食物链理论，种间关系和生态位理论解释为什么中国传统青、草、鲢、鳙混养鱼池能够获得高产？]3.Pleasediscussthemainpointofviewoftheself-regulationtheoriesindetail.[试论三种种群自动调节理论的主要观点。]4.PleasewritedowntheLogisticgrowthequation,anddiscussthebiologicalsignificancesofLogisticgrowthmodel.[请写出Logistic增长方程，并试论Logistic增长方程的生物学意义。]5.PleasedescribethesixamendmentstoShelford’slawoftoleranceindetail.[对谢尔福德的“耐受性定律”的几点补充进行详细描述]6.PleasecomparethemainviewpointsconcerningcommunitypropertyanditssuccessionoftheIndividualisticSchoolwiththoseoftheOrganismicSchool.[比较机体论和个体论学派对群落性质及群落演替的主要观点。]