环境生态学复习资料考试主要内容

2009年环境生态学（双语）考试主要内容第一章：Introduction:whatisecology专业名词解释：Ecologycanbedefinedasthestudyofrelationshipsbetweenorganismsandenvironment.可以被定义为生态，生物和环境之间的关系的研究。Ecologyisindeedthestudyofrelationshipsbetweenorganismsandtheenvironment.生态确实是生物和环境之间的关系的研究。Biosphere(生物圈):Theportions（部分）ofearththatsupportlife,alsoreferstotheglobalecosystem（生态系统）.生物圈(biosphere)地球表层中的全部生物和适于生物生存的范围，它包括岩石圈上层、水圈的全部和大气圈下层。Ecosystem(生态系统):Abiologicalcommunityplusalloftheabioticfactorsinfluencingthatcommunity.生物群落及其地理环境相互作用的自然系统，由无机环境生物的生产者(绿色植物)、消费者(草食动物和肉食动物)以及分解者(腐生微生物)4部分组成。Nutrient(营养):Chemicalsubstancerequireforthedevelopment,maintenanceandreproductionoforganisms.生物体的生长，维护和繁殖所需的化学物质。Epiphytes(附生植物):Aplant,suchasorchid,thatgrowsonthesurfaceofanotherplantbutisnotparasitic.一个（如兰科）植物，生长在另一种植物的表面，但不寄生。Ecotone(群落交错带):Aspatialtransitionfromonetypeofecosystemtoanother,forinstance,thetransitionfromwoodlandtograssland.从一个生态系统类型变到另一种，例如一个从林地到草原空间的过渡。简述题：1)Explainingwhythenutrientofsoilundertropicalrainforestispoor,andwherethenutrientstoredintropicalrainforest?解释为何热带雨林下的土壤养分差，热带雨林中的营养存在在哪呢？由于热带地区，降水量较大，淋洗能力强，可将营养元素随水淋洗出土体，同时植物不断吸收土壤中的养分，对于木本植物每年残体归还量有限，因此不断的将养分吸收而没有补充，就会导致土壤中的养分含量越来越低，而导致土壤贫瘠。第2章：Populationdistributionandabundance专业名词解释：Biomesaredistinguishedprimarilybytheirpredominantplantsandareassociatedwithparticularclimates.Soilisacomplexmixtureoflivingandnonlivingmaterialuponwhichmostlifedepends.Climatediagramssummarizeagreatdealofusefulclimaticinformation,includingseasonalvariationintemperatureandprecipitation,thelengthandintensityofwetanddryseasons,andtheportionoftheyearduringwhichaverage\nminimumtemperatureisaboveandbelow0℃.生物群落的区分主要是由他们的主要植物，并与特定的气候相关。土壤是一个复杂的生命和非生命的混合物，其中有大部分生活所依赖的物质。气候图，总结了大量有用的气候信息，包括温度和降水的季节变化，雨季和旱季的长度和强度，并在今年的部分在此期间，平均最低气温高于和低于0℃。tropicalrainforest热带雨林:一般认为热带雨林是指阴凉、潮湿多雨、高温、结构层次不明显、层外植物丰富的乔木植物群落。平均温度为25~~30℃。Tropicalsavanna热带稀树草原:在具有较长期干旱季节的热带或亚热带地区，以旱生草本植物为优势，并星散分布着旱生乔木或灌木的植物群落。Temperateforest温带雨林:本带主要分布在亚洲北部、欧洲大部和北美洲北部.南半球因温带范围大陆很狭,温带森林面积很小.亚欧大陆东部,受温带季风气候影响,夏季温暖多雨,冬季寒冷降水少,南部是落叶阔叶林,以砾类为代表,典型土壤是暗棕壤.大陆西部,受温带海洋性气候影响,夏季温暖,冬季比大陆东岸暖和,降水四季分配均匀,Tundra苔原:极地或高山永久冻土分布区，以地衣、苔藓、多年生草本和小灌木组成的无林的低矮植被。简述题：1）Drawatypicalsoilprofile,indicatingtheprincipallayers,orhorizons.Describethecharacteristicsofeachlayer.画出一个典型的土壤剖面，表明主体层，或视野。描述每一层的特点。（书上20页的图）2）Indicatingthedistributionoftropicalrainforestontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.2）表示热带雨林在世界上的分布，描述环境特征。（书上21页）Tropicalrainforestsstraddletheequatorinthreemajorregions:SouthernAsia,WestAfrica,andSouthandCentralAmerica(Fig.2.10).Mostrainforestsoccurswithin10oflatitudenorthorsouthoftheequator.OutsidethisequatorialbandaretherainforestsofCentralAmericaandMexico,southeasternBrazil,easternMadagascar,southernIndia,andnortheasternAustralia.热带雨林在三个主要地区跨越赤道：东南亚，西非，南亚和中美洲（Fig.2.10）。大多数雨林发生在北纬或赤道以南10。这个赤道带外，中美洲和墨西哥，巴西东南部，马达加斯加东部，印度南部，澳大利亚东北部的热带雨林。　全年高温多雨。全年湿度较高，降水的季节分配比较均匀，但个别地区仍有显著差异。全年受赤道海洋气团控制，风力微弱，季相无变化，基本每日上午闷热晴朗，接着积云越积越厚，午后则暴雨倾盆，雨后天气稍凉，第二天又复如此。3）Indicatingthedistributionoftropicalsavannaontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.1）说明世界上的热带稀树草原的分布，并描述环境特征。干湿季对比非常明显的热带地区。主要见于东非、南美巴西高原和印度等地。我国云南一带干热河谷、海南岛北部和台湾西南部也有类似的群落分布。这些地区终年温暖但雨量分配不均匀。年均温约18－24℃\n，年降雨量500－1500毫米。特点：由于禾草的生产力高以及植被稀疏开旷等特点，所以在干扰较少的热带稀树草原中常有大量有蹄类食草哺乳动物，如非洲萨王纳群落中的斑马、长颈鹿等。还有一些大型食肉动物如非洲狮等。它们与前述的植物群落共同形成热带独特的自然景观，引人注目。　　热带稀树草原的生产力比雨林低，平均约为0.5－3克/米2·天1）Indicatingthedistributionoftemperateforestontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.2）说明温带森林分布在世界上，描述环境特征。本带主要分布在亚洲北部、欧洲大部和北美洲北部.南半球因温带范围大陆很狭,温带森林面积很小.亚欧大陆东部,受温带季风气候影响,夏季温暖多雨,冬季寒冷降水少,南部是落叶阔叶林,以砾类为代表,典型土壤是暗棕壤.大陆西部,受温带海洋性气候影响,夏季温暖,冬季比大陆东岸暖和,降水四季分配均匀,非常适合落叶了、阔叶林生长,以欧洲山毛榉、白桦为代表树种.典型土壤是棕壤.温带森林带主要动物有松鼠、黑熊等.2）Indicatingthedistributionoftemperategrasslandontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.3）世界上温带草原的分布，并描述环境特征。温带草原（temperategrassland）温带气候下的地带性植被类型之一。在世界上分布有两大区域，即欧亚草原区和北美草原区。我国草原属欧亚草原区一部分。我国草原区的水热条件大体保持温带半干旱到温带半湿润的指标，年均气温-3～9℃≥10℃，积温为1600～3200℃，最冷月平均气温为-7～29℃，年降水量在350毫米以下，气候干燥，雨量少而变率大，多集中夏季，冬季寒长，有明显的季相更替，土壤为黑钙土或栗钙土。草原植物中旱生结构普遍存在，如叶面积缩小，叶片内卷，气孔下陷，机械组织和保护组织发达，地下部分发达，根系分布较浅。第3章：Lifeinwater专业名词解释：Kelpforest:海带森林：（54页图上面那段）Coralreef:珊瑚礁热带海洋中一些海岸、岛屿、暗礁周围和海滩大量生长造礁石珊瑚为主的骨骼堆积形成的礁体，统称为珊瑚礁。有岸礁、堡礁和环礁三种类型。Saltmarshes:盐沼含有大量盐分的湿地。内陆盐沼多分布于干旱地区，由河流或地下水带来盐分的长期蒸发积累而成；海滨盐沼分布在河口或海滨浅滩，由海水浸渍或潮汐交替作用而成。Mangroveforest红树林：红树林（Mangrove）指生长在热带、亚热带低能海岸潮间带上部，受周期性潮水浸淹，以红树植物为主体的常绿灌木或乔木组成的潮滩湿地木本生物群落。组成的物种包括草本、藤本红树。它生长于陆地与海洋交界带的滩涂浅滩，是陆地向海洋过度的特殊生态系。Salinity盐度：Theamountofsaltdissolvedinwateriscalledsalinity.\n一定量的盐被溶解在水中。Dissolvedoxygen溶解氧：Theamountofoxygendissolvedinwateriscalleddissolvedoxygen.溶解在水中的氧气量称为溶解氧。简述题：1)Indicatingthedistributionregion(地区)ofkelpforest,andenvironmentalcharacteristics;2)Indicatingthedistributionregionofcoralreef,andenvironmentalcharacteristics;分布：1.岸礁沿大陆或岛屿岸边生长发育，亦称裙礁或边缘礁。②堡礁　　又称堤礁，是离岸有一定距离的堤状礁体，它与陆地隔以泻湖。3，台礁呈台地状高出附近海底，但无泻湖和边缘隆起的大型珊瑚礁。也称桌礁。,环境特征：1珊瑚生长的水温约为20～30°C②盐度　　造礁珊瑚生长在盐度为27～40的海水中，最佳盐度范围是34～36。③水深一般认为造礁珊瑚生长的水深范围是0～50米，最佳水深为20米以浅。④光照一般热带光照强，时间长，平均光照率在50%以上，有利于珊瑚礁的发育。⑤风和风浪一般迎风浪一侧礁发育较好。⑥河流河流入海处，海水盐度低，泥沙含量大，混浊度高，海水透明度低，会使珊瑚窒息而死，所以有大量泥沙入海的河口处一般不发育岸礁，如海南岛的岸礁在河口区缺失。⑦海平面变动当海面稳定时，珊瑚礁平铺发展，但厚度不大；当海面上升或海底下沉时，形成的礁层厚度较大。当海面下降或地壳上升时，形成的礁层厚度也不大，也有的礁体可高出海面成为隆起礁。这种影响因素对古代礁意义较大。3)Indicatingthedistributionregionofsaltmarshes,andenvironmentalcharacteristics;　盐沼广泛分布于海滨、河口或气候干旱或半干旱的草原和荒漠带的盐湖边或低湿地上。盐沼地表水呈碱性、土壤中盐分含量较高，表层积累有可溶性盐，其上生长着盐生植物，这是它的基本特性。盐沼中的植物长期生活在多盐的生理性干旱条件下，其形态结构具有旱生特性4)Indicatingthedistributionregionofmangroveforest,andenvironmentalcharacteristics;红树林的分布虽受气候限制，但海流的作用使它的分布超出了热带海区。在北美大西洋沿岸，红树林到达百慕大群岛，在亚洲则见于日本南部，它们都超过北纬32°的界线，在南半球红树林分布范围比北半球更远离赤道，可见于南纬42°的新西兰北部。由于海水环境条件特殊，红树林植物具有一系列特殊的生态和生理\n特征为了防止海浪冲击，红树林植物的主干一般不无限增长,而从枝干上长出多数支持根,扎入泥滩里以保持植株的稳定。在生理方面，红树植物的细胞内渗透压很高。这有利于红树植物从海水中吸收水分。同一种红树植物生长在海潮深处的叶片常较厚；生长于高潮线外陆地上的叶片常较薄。第4章：Temperaturerelations专业名词解释：Macroclimateiswhatweatherstationreportandwhatwerepresentedwithclimatediagramsinchapter2.Microclimateisclimatevariationonascaleofafewkilometers,meters,orevencentimeters,usuallymeasuredovershortperiodsoftime.Photosynthesis,theconversionoflightenergytothechemicalenergyoforganicmolecules,isthebasisforthelifeofplants—theirgrowth,reproduction,andsoon.Acclimationinvolvesphysiological,notgenetic,changesinresponsetotemperature;acclimationisgenerallyreversiblewithchangesinenvironmentalconditions.简述题：Microclimateisinfluencedbylandscapefeaturessuchasaltitude,aspect,vegetation,coloroftheground,andpresenceofbouldersandburrows.第5章：Waterrelations专业名词解释：Relativehumidity:ameasureoftherelativewatercontentofair.RelativeHumidity=watervapordensity/SaturationwatervapordensityWaterpotential:wecandefinewaterpotentialasthecapacityofwatertodowork,andwealsocandefinethefreeenergyofwaterinsolutions;Vaporpressuredeficitiscalculatedasthedifferencebetweentheactualwatervaporpressureandthesaturationwatervaporpressure.简述题：Trytoexplainwhyatalltreecanabsorbwateruptoteensofmetersfromsoilbywaterpotentialview.第6章：Energyandnutrientrelations专业名词解释：Autotroph:anorganismthatcansynthesizeorganicmoleculesusinginorganicmoleculesandenergyfromeithersunlight(photosyntheticautotrophs)orfrominorganicmolecules,suchashydrogensulfide(chemosyntheticautotrophs).Heterotroph(异养生物):anorganismthatusedorganicmoleculesbothasasourceofcarbonandasasourceofenergy.Photosyntheticactiveradiation(PAR):wavelengthsoflightbetween400and700nmthatphotosyntheticorganismsuseasasourceofenergy.Photonfluxdensity:thenumberofphotonsoflightstrikingasquaremeter\nsurfaceeachsecond.C3photosynthesis:thephotosyntheticpathwayusedbymostplantsandallalgae,inwhichtheproductoftheinitialreactionisphosphoglycericacid,orPGA,athree-carbonacid.C4photosynthesis:inC4photosynthesis,CO2isfixedinmesophyllcellsbycombiningitwithphosphoenolpyruvate,orPEP,toproduceafour-carbonacid.PlantsusingC4photosynthesisaregenerallymoredroughttolerantthanplantsemploying.CAM(grassulaceanacidmetabolism)photosynthesis:aphotosyntheticpathwaylargelylimitedtosucculentplantinaridandsemiaridenvironments,inwhichcarbonfixationtakesplaceatnight,whenlowertemperaturesreducetherateofwaterlossduringCO2uptake.Herbivore:aheterotrophicorganismthateatsplants.Carnivore:anorganismthatconsumesflesh;approximatelysynonymouswithpredator.PAR,photosyntheticallyactiveradiation;withwavelengthsbetweenabout400and700nm,carriessufficientenergytodrivethelight-dependreactionofphotosynthesisbutnotsomuchastodestroyorganicmolecules.Detritivores:organismsthatfeedonnonlivingorganicmatter,usuallytheremainsofplants.简述题：Threedifferentbiochemicalpathwaysareknown:C3photosynthesis,C4photosynthesis,andCAMphotosynthesis.Thesearefoundinecologicallydifferentplants.第7章：Socialrelation专业名词解释：Matechoicebyonesexand/orcompetitionformatesamongindividualsofthesamesexcanresultinselectionforparticulartraitsinindividuals,aprocesscalledsexualselection.Darwinusedthetermsecondarysexualcharacteristicstomeancharacteristicsofmaleorfemalenotdirectlyinvolvedintheprocessofreproduction.Intrasexualselection:theprocessofsamesexindividualscontestedformating.Intersexualselection:onesexconsistentlychoosematesfromamongmembersoftheoppositesexonthebasisofsomeparticulartrait.简述题：第8章：Populationgeneticsandnaturalselection\n专业名词解释：Naturalselection,whichchangesgenotypicandphenotypicfrequenciesinpopulations,canresultinadaptationtotheenvironment简述题：第9章：Populationdistributionandabundance专业名词解释：Population:Ecologistusuallydefineapopulationasagroupofindividualsofasinglespeciesinhabitingaspecificarea.简述题：Howdotheindividualsofaspeciesdistributedinthepopulation?Thedistributionpatternobservedbyecologistisstronglyinfluencedbythescaleatwhichapopulationisstudied.Whatis“large”or“small”dependonthesizeoforganismorotherecologicalphenomenon,Onsmallscales,individualswithinpopulationsaredistributedinpatternsthatmayberandom,regular,orclumped;onlargescales,individualswithapopulationareclumped.Distributionsofindividualsonsmallscales:Threebasicpatternsofdistributionareobservedonsmallscales:random,regular,orclumped.Randomdistribution:equalchanceofliving;Regulardistribution:uniformlyspaced;Clumpeddistribution:individualsgatheredsomeareasthanothersareas;第10章：Populationdynamics专业名词解释:Asurvivorshipcurvesummarizesthepatternofsurvivalinapopulation.Cohortlifetable:Alifetableestablishedonagroupofindividualsbornatsametime;Staticlifetable:torecordtheageatdeathoflargenumberofindividualsthatwerebornatdifferenttimes;Agedistribution:Thedistributionsofdifferentageportionofindividualswithinapopulation;Ongoingdispersalcanjoinnumeroussubpopulationstoformametapopulation;Agroupofsubpopulationslivingonseveralpatchesconnectedbyexchengeofindividualsamongpatchesmakeupametapopulatons;简述题：1)ThreetypesofsurvivorshipcurvesMostsurvivorshipcurvesfallintothreemajorcategories;TypeIsurvivorshipcurve:lowerratesofmortalityamongyoung;TypeIIsurvivorshipcurve:aconstantratesofmortalityamongindividuals;TypeIIIsurvivorshipcurve:veryhighratesofmortalityamongtheyoung;\n第11章：Populationgrowth专业名词解释:Manyenvironmentalfactorsthatinfluencedapopulationsizecanbeconcludedintoabioticandbioticfactors.Bioticfactorsareoftenreferredtoasdensity-dependentfactors.Abioticfactorsareoftencalleddensity-independentfactors.Logisticpopulationgrowth:asresourcesaredepleted,populationgrowthrateslowsandeventuallystops,thispopulationgrowthpatterniscalledlogisticpopulationgrowth.简述题：1)Thepopulationgrowthwaswithoutgenerationoverlapping.Nt=N0λtInthismodel,Ntisthenumberofindividualsattimet,N0istheinitialnumberofindividuals,λisthegeometricrateofincrease,andtisthenumberoftimeintervalsorgenerations.2)Continuouspopulationgrowthinanunlimitedenvironmentcanbemodeledasexponentialpopulationgrowth:dN/dt=rNTheexponentialgrowthequationexpressestherateofpopulationgrowth,dN/dt,whichisthechangeinnumberswithchangeintime,asthepercapitarateofincrease,r,timespopulationsize,N.第13章：Competition专业名词解释:interspecificandintraspecificcompetitionarepervasiveinnature.Self-thinning:asindividualsofseedlingsdeveloped,themoreandmorebiomassiscomposedoffewerandfewerindividuals.Thenichearedefinedasann-dimensionalhypervolume,wherenequalsthenumberofenvironmentalfactorsimportanttosurvivalandreproductionbyaspecies.thenichesummarizestheenvironmentalfactorsthatinfluencethegrowth,survival,andreproductionofaspecies.Thefundamentalniche:thevaluesofthenenvironmentalfactorspermittingaspeciestosurviveandreproduce;Therealizedniche:aspeciesmayliveandreferredtothesemorerestrictedenvironmentalfactors;第14章：Exploitation,Predation,herbivory,Parasitism,andDisease专业名词解释:•Exploitationweavespopulationsintoawebofrelationshipsthatdefyeasygeneralization.\n•Predators,parasites,andpathogensinfluencethedistribution,abundance,andstructureofpreyandhostpopulations.•Predator-prey,parasite-host,andhost-pathogenrelationshipsaredynamic.•Topersistinthefaceofexploitation,hostsandpreyneedrefuges.简述题：第16章：Speciesabundanceanddiversity专业名词解释:Acommunityisanassociationofinteractingspeciesinhabitingsomedefinedarea.Ecologistsdefinespeciesdiversityonthebasisoftwofactors:(1)   thenumberofspeciesinthecommunity,whichecologistsusuallycallspeciesrichness(种的丰富度).(2)   therelativeabundanceofspecies,orspeciesevenness(种的均匀度).简述题：AcommonlyappliedmeasureofspeciesdiversityistheShannon-Wienerindex:H’=-∑pilogepipi代表第i种个体（个体数，或其他参数）在群落中所占比例；•Acombinationofthenumberofspeciesandtheirrelativeabundancedefinesspeciesdiversity.简述题：1)Lotka-Volterramodel:Lotka-Volterracompetitionmodel.Fortwospecieswithinterspecificcompetition:dN1/dt=rm1N1((K1-N1-α12N2)/K1);dN2/dt=rm2N2((K2-N2-α21N1)/K2);2)Gause’scompetitiveexclusionprinciple,whichstatesthattwospecieswithidenticalnichescannotcoexistindefinitely.第17章：Speciesinteractionsandcommunitystructure专业名词解释:Afoodwebsummarizesthefeedingrelationsinacommunity.Asummaryofthefeedinginteractionswithinacommunityisthefoodwebs.Keystonespeciesarethosethat,despitelowbiomass,exertstrongeffectsonthestructureofthecommunitiestheyinhabit.简述题：PleasedescribingChinesefarmershaveusedantsaskeystonepredatorstocontrolpestsincitrusorchardsforover1,700years.第18章：Primaryproductionandenergyflow\n专业名词解释:Anecosystemisabiologicalcommunityplusalloftheabioticfactorsinfluencingthatcommunity.Primaryproductionisthefixationofenergybyautotrophsinanecosystem.Therateofprimaryproductionistheamountofenergyfixedoversomeintervaloftime.Grossprimaryproductionisthetotalamountofenergyfixedbyalltheautotrophsintheecosystem.Netprimaryproductionistheamountofenergyleftoverafterautotrophshavemettheirownenergeticneeds.Annualactualevapotranspiration(AET)isthetotalamountofwaterthatevaporatesandtranspiresoffalandscapeduringthecourseofayearandismeasuredinmillimetersofwaterperyear.“Liebig’sLawoftheMinimum”:Justusliebig’spointedoutthatnutrientsuppliesoftenlimitplantgrowth.Atrophiclevelisapositioninafoodwebandisdeterminedbythenumberoftransfersenergyfromprimaryproducerstothatlevel.简述题：1)Pleaseexplainingthemechanismofbottom-upcontrolandtop-downcontrolusingcasestudies;2)Pleasedescribingrelationbetweenterrestrialprimaryproductionandprecipitationoractualevapotransipiration;第19章：Nutrientcyclingandretention专业名词解释:Nutrientcycling:theuse,transformation,movement,andreuseofnutrientsinecosystems.Mineralization:thebreakdownoforganicmatterfromorganictoinorganicfromduringdecomposition.Decomposition:thebreakdownoforganicmatteraccompaniedbythereleaseofcarbondioxideandotherinorganiccompounds;akeyprocessinnutrientcycling.简述题：1）、Describethenitratecycleinglobalecosystem;2)、Describethephosphoruscycleinglobalecosystem;3)、Describethecarboncycleinglobalecosystem;4)、Describethewatercycleinglobalecosystem;\n复习题主要内容汇总第一部分：专业名词解释第一章EcologyBiosphereEcosystemNutrientEpiphyteEcotone第二章ClimatediagramsBiomesTropicalrainforestTropicalsavannaTemperateforestTundra第三章KelpforestCoralreefSaltmarshesMangroveforestSalinityDissolvedoxygen第四章MicroclimateMacroclimateAcclimation第五章RelativehumidityWaterpotentialVaporpressuredeficit第六章AutotrophHeterotrophPhotosyntheticactiveradiation(PAR)PhotosyntheticPhotonfluxdensity（PPFD）C3photosynthesisC4photosynthesisCAMphotosynthesisHerbivoreCarnivoreDetritivores第七章Matechoicesexualselection.IntrasexualselectionIntersexualselection第八章Naturalselection第九章Population第十章AsurvivorshipcurveCohortlifetableStaticlifetableAgedistributionmetapopulation\n第十一章BioticfactorsAbioticfactorsLogisticpopulationgrowth:第十三章interspecificcompetitionIntraspecificcompetitionSelf-thinningnicheThefundamentalnicheTherealizedniche第十四章ExploitationPredationParasitism第十六章communityspeciesrichnessspeciesevennessSpeciesabundance第十七章AfoodwebKeystonespecies第十八掌PrimaryproductionGrossprimaryproductionNetprimaryproductionTherateofprimaryproductionLiebig’sLawoftheMinimumAtrophiclevelAnnualactualevapotranspiration(AET)第十九章NutrientcyclingMineralizationDecomposition第二部分：综合题第一章Explainingwhythenutrientofsoilundertropicalrainforestispoor,andwherethenutrientstoredintropicalrainforest?第二章Drawatypicalsoilprofile,indicatingtheprincipallayers,orhorizons.Describethecharacteristicsofeachlayer.Indicatingthedistributionoftropicalrainforestontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.Indicatingthedistributionoftropicalsavannaontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.Indicatingthedistributionoftemperateforestontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.Indicatingthedistributionoftemperategrasslandontheworld,anddescribetheenvironmentalcharacteristics.第三章Indicatingthedistributionregionofkelpforest,andenvironmentalcharacteristics;Indicatingthedistributionregionofcoralreef,andenvironmentalcharacteristics;Indicatingthedistributionregionofsaltmarshes,and\nenvironmentalcharacteristics;Indicatingthedistributionregionofmangroveforest,andenvironmentalcharacteristics;第四章第五章Trytoexplainwhyatalltreecanabsorbwateruptoteensofmetersfromsoilbywaterpotentialview.第六章Describingthethreedifferentbiochemicalpathwaysofphotosynthesisformostplants.第七章第八章第九章DescribingthedistributionpatternsoftheindividualsofaspeciesdistributedinthepopulationOnsmallscales,andhowtotestthedistributionpatternsofaspecies?第十章Describingthethreetypesofsurvivorshipcurves,indicatingchangefeaturesofeachpopulationstructurewithdifferentsurvivorshipcurves.第十一章Describingandexplainingthepopulationgrowthmodelwithoutgenerationoverlapping,andContinuouspopulationwithgenerationoverlappinginanunlimitedenvironment.Describingandexplainingthepopulationgrowthmodel(Logisticmodel)inanunlimitedenvironmentalresource.第十三章DescribingandexplainingtheLotka-Volterracompetitionmodelfortwospecieswithinterspecificcompetition.第十四章第十六章ExplainingameasureofspeciesdiversitywiththeShannon-Wienerindex.第十七章PleasedescribingChinesefarmershaveusedantsaskeystonepredatorstocontrolpestsincitrusorchardsforover1,700years.第十八掌Pleaseexplainingthemechanismofbottom-upcontrolandtop-downcontrolusingcasestudies;Pleasedescribingrelationbetweenterrestrialprimaryproductionandprecipitationoractualevapotransipiration;第十九章Describethenitratecycleintheglobalecosystem;Describethephosphoruscycleintheglobalecosystem;Describethecarboncycleintheglobalecosystem;Describethewatercycleintheglobalecosystem;