中英合作水资源需求管理项目

'    UK/ChinaWaterResourcesDemandManagementAssistanceProject中英合作水资源需求管理项目WRDMAPGlossaryofTerms:ChineseandEnglish术语汇编（中英对照）（初版）  WaterResourcesDemandManagementAssistanceProject水资源需求管理援助项目WRDMAPGlossaryofTerms:ChineseandEnglish术语汇编（中英对照）“Acquirenewknowledgewhilstthinkingovertheold,andyoumaybecomeateacherofothers.”—Confucius“温故而知新，可以为师矣”——孔子Preface前言 本术语表是水资源需求管理项目术语表的初级版本，是在水资源需求管理项目中汇编而成，该项目是由英国国际发展部出资、水利部负责实施的双边合作项目。在水行业发展项目初期就开始编写术语表，随后在水资源需求管理援助项目（WRDMAP）启动之前进一步对术语表进行了修订和更新。WRDMAP项目决定将目前版本的术语表印刷成册，尽管专家们指出它还存在诸多不足之处。在项目起始阶段对术语表尽可能地进行了修正。WRDMAP项目计划在2006年底重新印制术语表，在第二版中将纳入来自相关各方的修改意见和建议。Thisdraft/preliminaryversionoftheWaterResourcesDemandManagementProjectGlossaryhasbeenassembledundertheWaterResourcesDemandManagementProjectfundedbyDFIDandcarriedoutbyMWR.TheGlossary wasstartedduringtheearlierWaterSectorDevelopmentProjectandwassubsequentlyfurtherdevelopedduringtheperiodpriortothecommencementofWRDMAP.IthasbeendecidedtoprintthisversiondespitethefactthatWRDMAPexpertshaveidentifiedmanyshortcomingsinthedocument.ThesehavebeencorrectedtotheextentpossibleduringtheInceptionPhaseoftheProject.However,itisintendedtoreprintanimprovedsecondeditionattheendof2006incorporatingcommentsandmodifications,suggestionsreceived. 本术语表的编写目的是为项目人员提供水资源管理方面的常用术语、短语以及技术、机构缩略语，以便促进项目中方人员与国际专家之间的相互理解和交流沟通。在因学科、机构或地理区域的不同而常常导致术语的翻译出现很大差别的情况下，本术语表将尤其有助于口、笔译人员在翻译工作中使用更加统一的中英术语。ThepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovideinEnglishandChinesecommonlyusedwaterresourcesmanagementtermsandphrasesandtechnicalandagencyabbreviationsforthebenefitoffacilitatingbetterunderstandingandcommunicationamongstandbetweenChinesecounterpartsandinternationalpersonnelworkingontheProject.Thisdocumentisintendedtobeparticularlyusefulinassistinginterpretersandtranslatorsincarryingouttheirimportantrolebyusingmoreuniformterminologyinbothlanguageswhereoftentermscanbeinterpretedortranslatedverydifferentlydependingupondiscipline,agency,orgeographicarea. 本术语表不是开创性的，不是不可更改的，也不是一本水资源管理术语词典。给予“定义”的目的是按照词典编纂惯例为常用术语或短语提供一种“描述性”的解释。本术语表并不是根据传统词典的“规定性”解释方式精确定义的。为此，对于一些术语和短语，对其在其他学科、机构或地理区域可能常见的用法或者替换词进行了解释。同时，还应当指出的是不是所有的英文术语都按照字母顺序排列，为了方便起见，有的术语排列在近似词或者与主题相关的词后面。Thisdocumentisneithertheseminalnordefinitiveglossarynordictionaryofwatermanagementtermsandphrases.Theobjectiveofthe“definition”istoprovidea“descriptive”explanationofthetermorphrasebasedonlexicographicalpracticeofcurrentusage.Itisnotaglossaryofprecisedefinitionsbasedontraditionaldictionarypracticeof“prescriptive”explanation.Forthisreason,withsometermsandphases,thereisanexplanationofitsapplicationoralternativewordsthatmaybecommonlyencounteredinotherdisciplines,agenciesorgeographicareas.Itshouldalsobenotedthatnotallentriesareinalphabeticalorderbutsometimesmoreconvenientlylocatednexttosimilarwordsorsubjectmatterissues.  虽然本术语表的现有内容在很多方面都需要“审视”，勿庸置疑，还可以将更多的词语和短语添加到术语表中，并对所提供的定义进行修改。如果您对术语表有任何的意见和建议，包括添加和删除术语、修改定义、解释和译文、调整格式和版面等等，请通过电子邮件发送给WRDMAP项目的管理助理王玥女士（wangyue@wrdmap.cn）。Thereareundoubtedlymanymoretermsandphrasesthatcanbeaddedand/orvariationstothedefinitionsprovidedwhilsttheexistingcontentsneeds‘attention’inmanyareas.Itisrequestedthatanyreaderwhomayhavecommentsorcontributionstothecontents–adding,deletingorcorrectingdefinitionsandexplanations,translations,orformat,pleasesendyourcommentstotheWRDMAPProjectManagementAssistantWangYue{wangyue@wrdmap.cn}.   AdvisoryTeamLeader,ATL,Beijing,January2006.咨询专家组长（ATL）2006年1月于北京   English英文Definition定义pin-yin拼音Chinese中文Definition定义abstractRemoveorwithdrawwaterfromanysource,eithertemporarilyorpermanentlyqushui取水临时性或永久性地将水从任何水源移走。abstractionfeePaymenttoagovernmentagency,e.g.waterresourcedepartment,fortherighttoabstractwaterqushuifei取水费为取水的权利向政府部门（例如水利部门）交纳的费用。dischargefeePaymenttoagovernmentagency,e.g.environmentdepartment,fortherighttodischargewastewaterpaiwufei排污费为排放污水的权利向政府部门（例如环境部门）交纳的费用。feePaymenttogovernmentoragovernmentagencyfortherighttousewater,e.g.abstractwaterordischargewastewater,orforthecostsofissueandadministrationofpermitsorlicensesFei费为用水（例如取水或者排放污水）的权利或者用水许可证或执照的发放和管理成本向政府或者政府部门交纳的费用。chargePriceofwatersupplyorwastewaterdischargepayabletothegovernmentagencyorothercompanyprovidingtheserviceshoufei，shuifei水费,收费应当向政府机构或者其它提供服务的公司支付的供水或者污水排放价格。abstractionlicenseTheauthorizationgrantedbyawateragencyorotherregulatoryauthorityqushuixuke 取水许可由水利机构或者其它管理部门所发放的允许从某个水源取水的授权证书。 toallowtheabstractionofwaterfromawatersourceaccountabilityBeinganswerabletoapersonororganizationtoensurethattasksarecarriedoutinaccordancewithspecificinstructionsorlegislation.Thistermisgenerallyusedwhentheaccountablepersonororganizationmaydelegatetheactualexecutionofthetaskstoanotherpersonororganization.Comparewithresponsibility.wenze,wenzezhi问责，问责制对某个人或者组织负责，以保证按照具体的指令或者法规的要求开展工作。本术语通常用于应当承担责任的个人或者组织可以将工作的具体开展托付给另一个人或者组织的情况。比较责任。actionplanQualitativedescriptionofasetofactionstobetakeninordertoachieveoneormoreobjectives.Oftenpreparedasinspirationforformulationandplanningofmorespecificprogrammesorprojects.xingdongjihua行动计划对旨在实现一个或者多个目标的一系列行动所做的定性说明。常常是为制订、筹划比较具体的计划或者项目提依据而准备的。leakagedetectionMethodstoidentifywaterlossesfromdistributionnetworks,fittingsandhouseholdappliances,e.g.fieldinspections,analysisofnightflowsandwaterpressure,usingshenloujiance 渗漏检测检查配水管网、设备和家庭器具水的流失的方法，例如进行现场检查，分析夜间流量和水压，利用地音探听器或者听音棒探听。 geophonesorlisteningsticksleakagecontrolSystematicprogramtominimizeleakagefromwaterdistributionnetworksbyuseofappropriatematerials,pressuretestsofnewpiping,leakagedetectioncampaigns,maintenanceandrepairshenloukongzhi 渗漏控制最大限度地减少配水管网渗漏的系统性计划，包括使用适当的材料,对新管线进行压力试验,开展渗漏检测运动,进行维护和修理等。agencyAnydepartment,statutoryauthority,commissionorsimilarorganizationestablishedbylegislationand/orsubjecttogovernmentcontroljigou,jiguan,bumen机构，机关,部门依法成立并且（或者）受政府管辖的任何部门、法定机构、委员会或者类似的组织。allocationProcedurestoshareavailablewaterresourcesamongcompetingusersanduses,includingtheresultingdistributionofwatershuifenpei水分配在竞争性用水户与用途之间分配水资源的过程，包括向用户配水。aquaticenvironmentThephysical,chemicalorecologicalenvironmentexistingwithinlakes,riversandotherwaterbodiesshuihuanjing水环境湖泊、河流及其它水体的物理、化学或者生态环境。aquiferAwater-bearingundergroundformationofpermeablerockorsedimentabletohold,transmitandreleasehanshuiceng,xushuiceng含水层，蓄水层由渗透性岩石或者泥沙组成的能够储存、传输和释放较多水量的地层。 significantquantitiesofwatergroundwaterminingWithdrawalofgroundwaterinamountsthatexceedstheaveragerateofrechargeoftheaquiferdixiashuikaicai地下水开采地下水开采量超过了含水层的平均补给速度。assimilativecapacityThecapacityofawaterbodytoreceivewastewaterortoxicmaterialswithoutdetrimentaleffectsandwithoutdamagetotheaquaticenvironmentorhumanswhoconsumethewaternawunengli纳污能力水体接纳废水或有毒物质而不会带来有害影响以及给水环境或者使用该水体的人带来损害的能力。audit(end-use)Proceduretocheckwhetherwaterisusedaccordingtoplansorpermitsandhavingtheintendedsocial,economicorenvironmentalimpactsshenji(zhongduanyongshui)审计（终端用水）检查用水是否符合计划或许可证的规定、是否产生预期的社会、经济或者环境影响的过程。audit(financial)Examinationoffinancialrecordsofanagencyorcompanytodetermineiftherecordsareaccurateandprovidearealisticaccountofthefinancialstatusoftheagencyorcompanyshenji(caiwu)审计（财务）检查机构或者公司的财务记录，以确定记录是否准确，是否反映了该机构或者公司的实际财务状况。audit(water)Asystematicassessmentoftheamountandnatureofshenji(shui)审计（水） waterusebydifferentendusers(residential,commercial,orindustrial)inordertoidentifypotentialareasforreduction,conservationorefficiencyimprovementofthewateruse对不同终端用户（居民、商业或者工业用户）用水的数量和性质进行系统的评估，以确定在哪些方面还有潜力减少用水、节水或者提高用水效率。availableresourceThemaximumreliableamountofwaterthatcanbeabstractedfromawatersourcetakingaccountofvariousfactors(probabilityoftheminimumflowinariverorthesafeyieldofaborehole(?)etc)keliyongshuiziyuanliang可利用水资源量从某个水源可以开采的最大可靠水量，由河流最小流量概率或者井孔的可靠产水量决定。availablesupplyThemaximumreliableamountofwaterthatcanbesuppliedbyawatersupplierkegongshuiliang可供水量供水机构可提供的最大可靠供水量。average-daydemandAveragedailywaterusefromadistributionsystemasmeasuredbytheannualwaterproductiondividedby365ripingjunxushuiliang日平均需水量以年水产总量除以365得出的配水系统平均日用水量。avoided-costThecoststhatawatersupplycompanyavoidsthroughreductionofwaterconsumptionandwaterlosses,includingbothoperatingandcapitalbimianfeiyong避免费用供水公司通过减少用水和水损避免的费用，包括运行费用和资本费用。 costsbackgroundleakageWaterlossesfromsmallleaksthatareuneconomictolocateandrepairbendishenlou本底渗漏微小渗漏造成的水损，查找、维修这些微小渗漏是不经济的。baselineDescription,usuallyquantitative,ofanexistingsituationthatisusedforcomparisonwhenconditionsarealtered.Mainlyusedindevelopmentprojectsforcomparisonofthe“before-after”situation.Mayincludebothsocial,economic,environmentalandoperationalparameters.Seealsobenchmarkingjixian基线对现状的描述，通常是定量的，用来在条件变化时进行比较。主要在开发项目中用于“前-后”状况的比较。可以包括社会、经济、环境及运行参数。见基准借鉴。“BasinVision”Avieworimageofthedesirablefutureconditionofwaterresourcesandwateruseinariverbasin.Appliedinriverbasinplanningtohelpformulateactionplans.liuyuzhanwang流域展望对流域的水资源与用水未来理想状况的观点或者设想。在流域规划中用于帮助制订行动计划。benchmarkingAsystematicprocessusingasetofindicatorstomeasureandcompareanorganization"soperation,workingpracticesandjizhunjiejian,guanqutexingzhibiaozonghepinggutixi基准借鉴，灌区特性指标综合评估体系 performanceagainstotherorganizationsoperatingundersimilarconditionsorrecognizedashavingthebestpossibleperformance.Usedtoestablishperformancetargetsandimprovemanagementandworkingmethods.利用一组指标对一个组织的运行、工作方法和绩效进行度量并与其它处于类似条件下或者被认为达到可能最佳绩效的组织进行比较。用于建立绩效目标，改善管理和工作方法。beneficialuseTheuseofwaterforasocially,economically,orenvironmentallyusefulpurpose.Commonlythefollowingusesarerecognizedasbeneficial:domestic,municipal,industrial,irrigation,mining,hydroelectricpower,navigation,recreation,livestockraising,publicparks,wildlifeandgamepreserves.youyiyongshui,youxiaoyongshui有益用水，有效用水出于经济、社会或环境方面的有益目的而用水。通常以下各方面的用水都被认为是有益的：生活、市政、工业、灌溉、采矿、水电、航运、娱乐、牲畜饲养、公园、野生动物保护区等。benefit-costanalysisAnevaluationoftotalbenefitstototalcostsofanactualorproposedwaterprogrammeorproject,usedtocompareandrankalternativeinvestmentstrategiesorprojectdesigns.UsuallyexpressedinmonetarytermsasInternalRateofxiaoyifeiyongfenxi,chengbenxiaoyifenxi效益费用分析,成本效益分析对实际或者建议的水资源计划或项目的总效益与总费用进行评价，用于对不同的投资战略或者项目设计方案进行比较排序。通常以货币指标表示成内部回收率或者经济内部回收率。 ReturnorEconomicInternalRateofReturn.discountrateThediscountrateistheinterestratethatnationalbankschargeonloanstocommercialbanks.Thediscountrateisusedtoevaluatewhethergovernmentinvestmentsinwaterprojectsarefinanciallyandeconomicallyviable,seeInternalRateofReturnandEconomicInternalRateofReturn.zhexianlü,tiexianlü折现率，贴现率是国家银行对向商业银行的贷款利率。用于评价政府的水利项目投资在财务和经济上是否可行。见内部回收率和经济内部回收率。InternalRateofReturn(IRR)Measureofthefinancialviabilityofaprojectcalculatedastheaverageannualprofitoverthelife-timeoftheprojectusingpricesthatincludegovernmentduties,taxesandsubsidies.TheinvestmentinaprojectisacceptabletotheinvestorifIRRisequaltoorhigherthantheinterestwhichcouldbeobtainedfromanalternativeuseoftheinvestedcapital.Forwaterprojectswhichmainlyrelyonneibuhuishoulü,neibushouyilü内部回收率，内部收益率衡量项目财务可行性的指标，以根据包括政府关税、税收和补贴在内的价格计算的项目使用期限内年平均利润表示。如果内部回收率等于或者大于将投资资本用于其它方面的利息，该项目的投资对投资者是可以接受的。对主要依赖于政府投资的水利项目，则将内部回收率与中央银行折现率进行比较。见经济内部回收率。 governmentfundingIRRiscomparedwiththecentralbankdiscountrate.SeealsoEconomicInternalRateofReturn.IRRInternalRateofReturn  内部回收率的缩写。EconomicInternalRateofReturn(EIRR)Measureoftheeconomicefficiencyofgovernmentinvestmentinawaterprojectcalculatedastheaverageannualprofitoverthelife-timeoftheinvestment,usingpricesthatexcludegovernmentduties,taxesandsubsidies.TheinvestmentiseconomicallyattractivetogovernmentifEIRRisequaltoorhigherthanthecentralbankdiscountrate,whichreflectstheinterestthatcouldbegainedbylendingtheinvestedcapitaltootherpurposes.jingjineibuhuishoulü经济内部回收率衡量政府水利项目投资经济效率的指标，以根据不包括政府关税、税收和补贴在内的价格计算的项目使用期限内年平均利润表示。如果经济内部回收率等于或者大于中央银行折现率，该投资在经济上对政府是有吸引力的，该折现率反映了将投资资本借给其它方面可获得的利息。EIRREconomicInternalRateofReturnjingjineibuhuishoulü经济内部回收率经济内部回收率的缩写。benefitsThepositiveordesiredresultsofawaterproject.Benefitsmaybexiaoyi,liyi,shouyi效益,利益，受益水利项目的正面或者理想结果。从其性质来说效益可以是社会、环境或者经济的。见 social,environmentaloreconomicinnature.Seealsotangible,intangibleandnetbenefits.有形效益、无形效益和净效益。bestmanagementpracticeAnempiricallyproven,cost-effectiveandbeneficialwayofmanagingacompanythatiswidelyacceptedamongsectorprofessionalsasthestandardtofollowzuijiaguanlifangfa,zuijiaguanlimoshi最佳管理方法,最佳管理模式经过实践证明、成本有效、有益的公司管理模式，在专业领域内被公认为学习的榜样。bilateraldonorAdevelopmentaidagencywhichprovidesgrantsandloansfromfundsprovidedbyasingledonorcountrydirectlytotherecipientcountry,e.g.DFID(UK),AusAID(Australia)andDanida(Denmark)shuangbianyuanzhujigou双边援助机构利用自单一援助国提供的资金直接向受援国提供赠款和贷款的开发机构，例如英国的DFID，澳大利亚的AusAid、丹麦的Danida等。bilateraldevelopmentassistanceDevelopmentassistanceprovideddirectlyfromthedonorcountrytotherecipientcountyshuangbiankaifayuanzhu双边开发援助直接由援助国向受援国提供的开发援助。biodiversityThevarietyandvariabilityamonglivingorganismsandtheecologicalcomplexesinwhichtheyoccur.Thetermencompassesdifferentecosystems,species,andgenes.shengwuduoyangxing生物多样性生物界及其赖以生存的生态综合体的多样性和变化性。该术语涵盖不同的生态系统、物种和基因。 blocktariffAwatertariffstructurewithstep-wiseincreaseordecreaseofthepriceperunitwaterfromoneblocktothenext.Usedmainlyasanincreasingblocktarifftoa)supplythebasicneedsofwateratapricethatisaffordabletopoorhouseholds,andb)togivelargeconsumersanincentivetoreducetheirwaterconsumption.jietishuijia阶梯水价一种水价结构，水的单价从一个水量段到下一个水量段逐步增加或者减少。最常用的是上升式阶梯水价，目的是1）以贫困家庭有能力支付的价格满足基本需水；2）鼓励用水大户减少用水量。boreInternaldiameterofapipeoraborehole.Alsoslangforboreholeordrilledwell.kongjing,jingkong,zuanjing孔径，井孔，钻井管道或者井孔的内径。在英语中也是代表井孔或钻井的行话。boreholeAholeinthegroundwithsmalldiameterrelativetodepth,bored,drilledordrivenintothegroundinordertoinvestigateorabstractgroundwater.Alsocalledadrilledwell.jingkong,zuanjing井孔，钻井采用钻孔等方法在地上打的孔，其孔径相对于深度较小，用于调查或者开采地下水。也称为钻井。budget(water-use)Anaccountingmethodorquantitativeassessmentofthetotalamountofwateravailableinahydrologicalsystemoveraperiodoftime.shuiliangpingheng,shuifenpingheng,shuifenchae,shuipinghengjisuan,shui Thewaterbudgetincludesallinputs,abstractionsandusesofwaterforagivenlocationoractivity,e.g.rainfallandrun-off,rechargeandseepage,abstractions,returnflowsandwastewaterdischarges.Itmayrefertocurrentorprojectedconditions.liangshouzhiyusuan,suanshuizhang水量平衡，水分平衡，水分差额，水平衡计算，水量收支预算，算水帐一个水文系统在一定时期内可利用水资源总量的计算方法或者定量评价。水量平衡包括特定地点或者特定活动的所有水的输入、取水和用水，例如降水与径流、补给和渗漏、取水、回归水和污水排放。可以指现状或者预测的条件。seepageMovementofwaterfromoneaquifertoanotherorfromanaquifertothegroundsurfacewherewatermayemergefromasinglepointasspringsoroverabroadareatoformwetlandsshenliu,shenlou,shenlouliang渗流，渗漏，渗漏量水从一个含水层缓慢流向另一个含水层或者地面，在地面可以作为泉水从一点流出，也可以在较大范围内流出形成湿地。bulkservicesDeliveryoflargeamountsofwaterfromanagencyorcompanytoseveralsmalleragenciesorcompaniesthatinturnserveindividualconsumersorcustomers,e.g.areservoirandcanalmanagementcompanydeliveringwatertoanumberofirrigation"districts"orsystemsthatservefarmersortourbanwatercompaniesthatdistributewatertodomestic,institutionalandpiliangfuwu批量服务一个机构或者公司向几个较小的机构或者公司大量供水，后者然后向各个用户供水，例如水库和渠道管理公司向为农民服务的多个灌区供水，或者向为家庭、机构和商业用户服务的城市自来水公司供水。也指区域性的暴雨排水和防洪服务机构，它们负责管理主要的排水渠道、泵站或者维护保护大片土地的防洪河堤或者海堤。 commercialcustomers.Alsousedforregionalstormwaterdrainageandfloodcontrolserviceswhichoperateprimarydrainagecanalsandpumpingstationsormaintainriverorseadikesthatprotectlargeareasoflandfromflooding.byelawsLocallawsorregulationsthatoftenarerequiredtomakenationallaweffectiveoroperationalatloweradministrativelevels.difangfagui,guizhang,shetuanzhangcheng地方法规,规章，社团章程地方法律、法规，常常用于在地方上贯彻落实国家法律。capacitybuildingDevelopingthecapabilityofanorganization,orpartsofanorganization,byenhancingtheskillsandexperienceofitsemployees,improvingitsworkpracticesandprocedures,andupgradingitstechnology.Oftenusedforandinterchangeablywithinstitutionaldevelopmentandinstitutionalstrengthening.nenglijianshe能力建设开发一个机构或者机构某些部门的能力，包括提高其人员的技能与经验，改进工作方法和程序，更新技术等。常常与机构发展、机构加强交替使用。capacitydevelopmentImprovingthecapacityofanorganisationtoadjusttochangesinthesurroundingnenglikaifa能力开发加强一个机构适应社会条件变化的能力，常常与机构发展交替使用。 society,oftenusedforandinterchangeablywithinstitutionaldevelopmentcapitalcostsThecostsrelatedtocapitalinvestedininfrastructurethatprovidesproductiveservicesorbenefitsoveraperiodlastinglongerthanoneyear,e.g.anirrigationschemeorwatertreatmentplant.Includesdepreciationofassetsanddebtservice,i.e.interestpaymentsandrepaymentoftheprincipalonaloan.jibenjianshefeiyong,zibenchengben,chujianfei基本建设费用，资本成本，初建费提供一年以上生产性服务或者效益的基础设施建设投资费用，例如灌溉工程或者水处理厂。包括资产折旧和债务还本付息，即支付贷款的利息和偿还本金。capitalfacilitiesInfrastructureusedinaproductionprocesssuchaspumpingstations,transmissionmains,treatmentplantsanddistributionorsewernetworksofawatersupplyorwastewatersystemzibensheshi,gudingziben资本设施，固定资本生产过程中使用的基础设施,例如供水或者污水系统中的泵站、输水干管、处理厂、配水管网或者污水管网。catchmentAnareainwhichrun-offdrainstoasingleriverorlake.Theareacanbedelimitedbytracingalinealongthehighestelevationsbetweentworiversonamap.Alsoliuyu,jishuiqu,huishuipendi流域；集水区，汇水盆地径流赖以汇集流入单一河流或者湖泊的区域。可以在地图上沿两条河流之间最高点的连线划定流域的边界。也指河流上的某个取水口上游或者井孔周围的汇水区域。在英语中也称为 usedfortheareaupstreamofawaterintakeonariveroraroundaboreholethattheintakeorboreholecatcheswaterfrom.Alsocalledawatershed.watershed。catchmentmanagementTheanalysis,protection,developmentandmaintenanceoftheland,vegetationandwaterresourcesofacatchmentfortheconservationofallitsresourcesandhydrologicalproperties.Thetermisgenerallyappliedtocatchmentssmallerthanriverbasinswherethereisacloserelationbetweenlanduseandwaterresourcesandthemanagementoflandandwatermainlyisalocalissue.Theseissuesincludesoilerosion,flashfloodingandenvironmentaldegradation.liuyuguanli流域管理对流域的土地、植被和水资源进行分析、保护、开发和维护，以保护其所有资源和水文特性。该术语通常用于较小的流域(catchments)，在这里土地利用与水资源之间有密切的关系，土地和水的管理主要是局部性问题。这些问题包括土壤侵蚀、突发洪水和环境恶化。catchmentprocessmodelAhydrologicalmodelthatisusedtopredicttherelationshipbetweenrainfallandrunofffromacatchment,sometimesincludingsoilliuyuguochengmoxing流域过程模型一种用于预测流域降雨-径流关系的水文模型，有时包括土壤侵蚀、泥沙输送和其它水质参数。 erosion,sedimenttransportandotherwaterqualityparametersclimateThesumofthemeteorologicalelementsthatcharacterizetheaverageandextremeconditionsoftheatmosphereoveralongperiodoftimeatanyoneplaceorregionoftheearth"ssurface.(Compareweather).qihou气候表现地球表面任何地点或者地区大气的长期平均和极端状态特征的气象要素总和。比较天气。climatechangePredictedchangeinclimatecharacteristicsincludingnaturalvariationsandchangesarisingfromhumanactivities.Seealsoglobalwarmingandgreenhouseeffect.qihoubianhua气候变化预测的气候特征变化，包括自然变化和人类活动引起的变化。见全球变暖和温室效应。coastalzoneLandsandwatersadjacenttothecoastthatexertaninfluenceontheusesoftheseaanditsecology,orwhoseusesandecologyareaffectedbytheseahaiandai海岸带与海岸相邻、影响海洋利用和海洋生态或者其利用和生态受海洋影响的土地和水域。plumbingcodesTechnicalstandardsforthedesignandconstructionofwaterandwastewaterinstallationsandfacilitiesinguandaogongchengguicheng管道工程规程建筑物内给水和污水设施的设计与施工技术标准。 buildingscommunityconsultationAsystematicprocesstoobtaincommunityopinionsasinputstowaterresourcesorwatersupplyplanningshequxieshang社区协商征求社区意见以作为水资源或者供水规划输入的系统过程。communitywatersystemAdrinkingwatersystemservingatleast15householdconnectionsusedbyyear-roundresidentsoftheareaservedbythesystemshequyongshuixitong社区用水系统在服务区域内至少有15户常住居民用水接管的饮用水系统。conflictresolutionSystematicprocessofresolvingconflictsorsettlingdisputesamongorganizations,groupsorindividualsjiejuemaodun,maodunhuajie解决矛盾,矛盾化解解决组织机构、团体或者个人之间的冲突或者争端的系统过程。Conservation(general)Preservingandsupportingtheimprovementofwaterandothernaturalresourceslimitingtheirusetotherateofrenewalorregenerationbaohu,baochi保护，保持保护和帮助改善水和其它自然资源，以更新或者再生速度作为它们的使用限度。conservation(water)Reductionofwaterlossesandunnecessaryorwastefuluseofwaterwithminimumimpactonthebeneficialuseofwater.Alsousedformethodstoincreasethecaptureofwaterorstorewaterforbeneficialuses.Seejieshui,baoshui节水，保水减少水的损失、不必要用水或浪费用水，而对有益用水的影响最小。也指加强水的收集或者存储以供有益利用的方法。见雨水收集。 alsowaterharvesting.conservationpricingWatertariffstructuresthatgiveusersafinancialincentivetoreducewaterusageandwaterlosses.Seealsodemandmanagement.jieshuishuijia,jieshuidingjia节水水价，节水定价为减少用水和水损向用户提供经济鼓励的水价结构。见需求管理。consumer-orientedAttitudesandpracticesofawatercompanyoragencythatactivelyandpositivelyaddressconsumerdemands,concernsandcomplaintsmianxiangyonghude面向用户的供水公司或机构积极满足消费者需求、处理其意见与投诉的态度与做法。consumption(urbanwatersupply)Thesumofcustomerwateruseandlossesfromacustomer’splumbingandwaterfacilitiesxiaofeiliang(chengshigongshui)消费量（城市供水）用水户的用水量及其管道和用水设施水损之和。consumptiveuseThatpartofwaterwhichiswithdrawnfromariver,stream,lake,reservoiroraquiferandnotreturnedasreturnflows,infiltrationorwastewaterdischarge,becauseithasbeenlostbyevaporationfromhumans,livestockorcoolingprocesses,consumedbyevapotranspirationfromplantsandcrops,orincorporatedintoproductssuchasxiaohaoxingyongshui消耗性用水取自河流、湖泊、水库或者含水层的水中未以回归水、下渗或者污水排放等形式回归的那部分水，它是通过人、牲畜身体及冷却过程中的蒸发、植物与农作物的蒸腾消耗掉或者进入了罐装食品或者啤酒之类的产品中。 cannedfoodorbeercostrecoveryWaterandwastewatertariffsthatenableacompanytocollectsufficientrevenuetocoverthe(full)financialcostsofitsserviceschengbenhuishou成本回收供水和污水服务价格使公司能够获得足够的收入弥补其服务的（全部）财务成本。cost-benefitanalysisAquantitativeevaluationofthetotalcostsandtotalbenefitsofagivenprogramorprojectfocussingontangibleeconomicorfinancialbenefits,usedtodescribeaprojectorcompareandrankalternativeprojectdesigns.UsuallyexpressedinmonetarytermsasIRRorIERR.Seealsobenefit-costanalysis.feiyongxiaoyifenxi,chengbenxiaoyifenxi费用效益分析，成本效益分析对特定计划或项目的总费用和总效益进行的定量评价，重点放在有形的经济或财务效益上，用于描述项目或者对项目不同的设计方案进行比较排序。通常是以货币单位表示成内部回收率或者经济内部回收率。见效益费用分析。cost-effectivenessAmethodofprojectevaluationbasedonacomparisonofthecoststoachievethesameresultorbenefitbydifferentmeans.chengbenyouxiaoxing,huasuan成本有效性，划算对以不同手段取得相同的结果或效益所需要的成本进行对比的项目评价方法。costsTheexpendituresneededtoimplementaconstructionorgeneraldevelopmentproject,includingthedirectcostsofgoods,servicesandadministrationaswellfeiyong费用实施建设项目或者一般开发项目的花费，包括物资、服务和管理的直接费用，也包括负面的社会或者环境影响所带来的间接费用。见环境费用和外部费用。 asindirectcostsresultingfromnegativesocialorenvironmentalimpacts.Seealsoenvironmentalcostsandexternalitycosts.custodianAgovernmentagencyassignedthepowerandresponsibilitytocollect,storeandmaintainasetofmonitoringdataandmakeitavailabletothepublicandotherusersinaccordancewithnationalpoliciesoninformationmanagementjianhuren监护人被赋予权力和责任依照国家信息管理政策采集、存储和维护监测资料并提供给公众和其他使用者的政府机构。customerclassAgroupofcustomersthatsharesimilarcharacteristics,e.g.domestic,institutional,commercial,industrial,etc.Customerswithinasingleclassusuallyhavesimilarpatternsofwateruseandpaythesametariff.yonghuleibie用户类别具有相似特点的用户群体，例如家庭用户、机构用户、商业用户、工业用户等。一个类别内的用户通常具有相似的用水模式，支付相同的水价。dataInitsstrictestsense,datamaybedefinedastherawnumbersfornumericorquantitativeinformationonavariable,availableeitherintime-seriesshuju,ziliao数据,资料，从严格的意义上说，数据可以定义为关于变量的数字或者定量信息，可以为时间序列数据（即有关一个变量的数据由分布于整个特定时期内的观测值组成），也可以为断面 format(dataonasinglevariablecoveringobservationsoverspecificperiodsoftime)orincross-sectionalformat(dataonmultiplevariablestakenataspecificpointintime)数据组（即在某个时间点有关数个变量的数据）。dataaccessTheabilityofthosethatneedtouseinformationtobeabletoobtainandusethatinformationshujufangwennengli,shujufangwenquan,shujushiyongquan,shujufangwentujing数据访问能力，数据访问权，数据使用权，数据访问途径需要使用信息的人能够获得和使用该信息的能力。datadirectoryAcomputeriseddatabasewhichcontainsinformationonthetypesofdatathatareavailable,theperiodsthatarecovered,theagencywherethedataarestored,whomtocontacttoobtainthedataandwhatitscostmightbe.Alsocalledametadatabase.shujumulu数据目录包括关于已有数据的类型、覆盖时间、保存单位、联系人和费用等信息的计算机化数据库。也称为元数据库。datamanagementTheprocessandmeansbywhichdataarecompiled,organised,stored,safe-guarded,extracted,retrieved,listedanddisseminated.Alsocalledinformationshujuguanli数据管理对数据进行整理、组织、存储、安全保护、摘录、检索、列表和传播的过程与手段。也称为信息管理。 management.dataqualityTheaccuracybywhichdatarepresentthemagnitudeofthephysicalorchemicalvariablebeingmeasuredandtheprecisionbywhichithasbeenanalysedshujuzhiliang数据质量数据代表被测量的物理或者化学变量数值的准确度以及数据分析的精度。accuracyThedegreetowhichdataonavariablereflectsitsactualmagnitudezhunquedu,jingquedu准确度，精确度有关变量的数据反映其实际数值的程度。databaseAwell-definedandstructuredcollectionofdata,usuallyofthesamegeneraltype,whichcanbeaccessedbyacomputerandreadilymaybeconvertedintoaformatsuitableforfurtheranalysis,presentation,andforecastingshujuku数据库定义明确的结构化数据集合，通常是属于同一大类的数据，可以由计算机访问，能够方便地转换成适合作进一步分析、显示和预测的格式。datasetAcollectionofdataorinformationwhichrelatestoacommontheme,subjectortopicatagivenlocationorwithinaspecificarea,e.g.rainfall,run-off,waterquality,wateruse.Itmaybestoredinpaper-basedarchivesorelectronicdatabasesastextshujuji数据集有关特定地点或者区域内的一个共同主题的数据或者信息集合，例如降水、径流、水质、用水等。可以采用文字记录、数字数据、专题地图、书面报告等形式存储在纸质档案或者电子数据库中。 records,digitaldata,thematicmaps,writtenreports,etc.decentralizationToassignresponsibilitiesorfunctionspreviouslyheldbyonelevelofgovernmenttoalowerlevelofgovernment,typicallyfromcentralgovernmenttoprovincialorlocalgovernment.Therearemanyformsofdecentralisation,notablydeconcentrationanddevolution.zhiquanxiafang,quanlixiafang职权下放，权力下放将原来由某一级政府持有的责任或者职能移交给下级政府，通常是从中央政府移交给省或者地方政府。有许多去中心化的方式，主要有去集中化和授权。deconcentrationTosplitacentralgovernmentagencyanddivideordistributeitsfunctionsonseveralsmallerunitslocatedthroughouttheagency’sjurisdictionalarea,butwithstaffreportingtotheheadquarter.AlsousedforaformofdecentralisationthattransfersadministrativefunctionstolowerlevelsofGovernmentwithoutacorrespondingtransferofpowerandaccountability.InChina,RiverBasinfensanzhiquan,fensanquanli,quanlixiafang分散职权，分散权力，权力下放将一中央政府机构划分出位于其辖区内的数个较小的单位，分担其职能，但是各个单位的人员仍然对总部负责。也指将行政职能移交给下级政府但是并不相应移交权力和绩效责任的去中心化方式。在中国，大流域的流域委员会代表水利部的去集中化，地区行政公署代表省政府的去集中化。 WaterResourceCommissionsrepresentdeconcentrationoftheMinistryofWaterResourcesandtheadministrationofprefecturesthedeconcentrationofprovincialgovernment.divestitureTransferofgovernmentfunctionstotheprivatesector,butinpracticeincludingtransfertocommercialisedorcorporatisedcompanieswhollyorpartlyownedbygovernment,e.g.awaterorwastewaterutilityboli剥离将政府的职能转交给民营行业，但是在实际上包括移交给全部或者部分由政府所有的商业化或者股份制公司，例如供水或者污水公司。devolutionDelegationofpowerandaccountabilityespeciallybythecentralgovernmenttoregionalorlocaladministrationzequanxiafang,quanliyijiao,shouquan责权下放，权力移交，授权中央政府专有的权力和绩效责任下放给地区或者地方政府。decreasing(ordeclining)blocktariffApricingstructureforwatersupply,inwhichthepriceperunitwaterdecreasesstep-wisewithincreasinguse.Usedtogivebigconsumersabulkdiscountbutconflictswithcurrentprinciplesforwaterdijianjietishuijia递减阶梯水价水的单价随着用水量的增加而逐步降低的供水水价结构。用于给用水大户的大量用水打折，但是这与现行的水资源管理原则相矛盾。 managementDublinStatementInternationallyagreedstatementoffourbasicprinciplesforthemanagementanduseofwaterresourcesissuedbytheInternationalConferenceonWaterandtheEnvironmentinDublin,1992dublinxuanyan都柏林宣言1992年在都柏林召开的国际水与环境大会上各国通过的宣言，该宣言提出了水资源管理与利用的四项基本原则。Agenda21Agendaonenvironmentanddevelopmentinthe21stcenturyagreedbyworldleadersatthe1stWorldSummitinRiodeJaneiro1992.Chapter18concerns“Protectionofthequalityandsupplyoffreshwaterresources:Applicationofintegratedapproachestothedevelopment,managementanduseofwaterresources”.ershiyishijiyicheng21世纪议程在1992年里约热内卢第一届世界峰会上各国领导人通过的21世纪环境与发展议程。其中第18章提出“保护淡水资源的质量与供应：对水资源的开发、利用和保护应用一体化方法”。demandforecastProjectionoffuturewaterdemandforawatersupplysystemorgroupofconsumersxushuiyuce需水预测对整个系统或客户群未来需水的预测。demandmanagementTechnical,administrativeandeconomicequipment,measures,andincentivesusedtoreducewaterconsumptionandfuturedemandsinorderxushuiguanli需水管理采用技术、行政和经济的措施和鼓励手段减少用水和未来需水从而使它们与可利用的水资源或者供水之间更好地实现平衡。 bettertomatchconsumptionanddemandswithavailableresourcesorsuppliesincomeelasticityFactorexpressingtherelationshipbetweenchangesinincomeandconsumptionofwater.Anincomeelasticityof0.5indicatesthatanincreaseofincomeby10%willresultinanincreaseinwaterconsumptionof5%.(Appliedtopredictfuturewaterdemandsfordifferentconsumergroups,includingagricultureandindustry.Appliedtopredictfuturewaterdemandsfordifferentconsumergroups).Seealsopriceelasticity.shourutanxing收入弹性表示收入变化与用水量变化之间关系的系数。收入弹性为0.5表示收入增加10%将导致用水量增加5%。用于预测不同用户群（包括农业和工业）未来的需水。见价格弹性。priceelasticityFactorexpressingtherelationshipbetweenchangesinthepriceandconsumptionofwater.Apriceelasticityof-0.5indicatesthata10%increasethewaterpricewillresultina5%reductionofthewaterconsumption.Appliedtopredictfuturewaterdemandsfordifferentconsumergroups.Seealsojiagetanxing价格弹性表示水价变化和用水量变化之间关系的系数。价格弹性为-0.5表示水价提高10%将导致用水量减少5%。用于不同用户群的需水预测。见收入弹性。 incomeelasticity.demographicConcerningpopulationorsocio-economicconditionsrenkoude,renkoutongjide,renkoutongjixuede人口的，人口统计的，人口统计学的关于人口或社会经济条件的。dependencyratioTheratioofdependentstotheproductivepopulation,usuallytheratiobetweenthepopulationintheagegroupsof0-15and64+whoareassumedtobeeconomicallyunproductiveandtothoseintheagegroup15-64,butcountryspecificfuyangbilü,fuyanglü,yilaidu抚养比率，抚养率，依赖度依靠生产人口生活的人口比例，通常是0-15岁及64岁以上人口（即被认为不从事经济生产的人口）与15-64岁人口之间的比例，但是随各国具体情况而有所不同。depreciationofassetsAdjustmentofthevalueofassets,e.g.infrastructure,buildingsandland,intheaccountsofawatercompanytoreflectthegradualdeteriorationintheconditionofinfrastructureoveritslifetime.Inpracticethevalueofbuildingsandlandwilloftenappreciate,i.e.increaseinvalue.zichanzhejiu资产折旧在供水公司帐户中对基础设施、建筑和土地等资产价值的调整，以反映基础设施状况在其使用期限内的逐渐退化。实际上，建筑和土地常常是升值的。developToactivatepreviouslyunusedhumanandnaturalresourcesfornewandmorekaifa开发（动词） productiveorbeneficialuses激活原来未得到利用的人力和自然资源，用于新的、生产更多价值的或者更加有益的用途。developmentTheprocessdevelopingkaifa开发（名词）开发的过程。diffusepollutionWaterpollutionproducedbyland-useactivitiestakingplaceoveralargearea.Occurswhenrun-offorinfiltrationleachespesticides,fertilizers,animalwastesandotherpollutionintorivers,streams,lakes,reservoirs,groundwateraquifers.Alsocallednon-pointsourcepollution.mianyuanwuran面源污染由大范围内土地利用活动产生的水污染。当径流或者下渗将农药、肥料、动物粪便和其它污染物带入河流、湖泊、水库、地下含水层时发生面源污染。也称为非点源污染。dischargepermitorlicenseApermitgrantedbytheregulatoryauthoritytodischargewastewaterofspecifiedqualityandvolumewushuipaifangxukezhenghuozhizhao污水排放许可证或执照主管部门发放的允许排放符合规定质、量要求的污水的许可证或者执照。discountrateApercentagevaluethatisusedtoadjusttheforecastoffutureexpendituresorinvestmenttotheirpresentdayvalue,takingaccountofinterestratesandinflation.Seealsopresentvalue.zhesuanlü折算率考虑利率和通货膨胀的影响，用来调整未来支出或投资的预测值以得到其现值的百分数。见现值。 disseminationTheprovisionofdataandinformationtothepublicorspecifictargetgroupschuanbo,xuanchuan传播，宣传向公众或者特定目标群体提供数据和信息。distributeddatabaseAdatabasewithdifferentpartsstoredoncomputersindifferentlocationslinkedtogetherbyanetworkfenbushishujuku分布式数据库其不同部分储存在不同地点的计算机上并通过网络相互连接起来的数据库。distributioncostsThecoststoawatercompanyofmanagingandoperatingawaterdistributionsystempeishuifeiyong配水费用供水公司管理、经营配水系统的费用。distributionfacilitiesPipes,storage,boosterpumpsandotherfacilitiesusedtodistributedrinkingwatertoend-userspeishuisheshi配水设施向最终用户分配饮用水的管道、蓄水设备、增压泵和其它设施。boosterpumpPumpusedtoincreasepressureinatransmissionordistributionpipezengyabeng,shengyabeng增压泵，升压泵用于增加输水或者配水管道压力的水泵。distributionnetworkThepipesystemfordistributionofwatertoconsumers,oftendividedintofeedermainsbringingwatertodifferentsectionsofatownanddistributionmainsbringingwatertoindividualconsumerconnectionspeishuiguanwang配水管网向用户配水的管道系统，常常分为把水输往不同城市地段的支干管和将水送往各个用户接管的配水干管。distributionlossesThetotalwaterlossfromthewatercompanypeishuisunshi配水损失供水公司配水系统的所有水损。 distributionsystemdiversifiedeconomyEconomyofgovernmentwateragencieswhichengageinbusinessactivitiesoutsidetheirprimarygovernmentassignedfunctioninordertosupplementgovernmentfundingwithincomethatwillenableincreaseofstaffsalariesandbetterfundingfortheprimarywaterfunction.(Common:ThebusinessisusuallyconductedinsubsidiariesestablishedunderChina"sCompanyLawandmayormaynotberelatedtothewatersector).duozhongjingying,duozhongjingyingjingji多种经营，多种经营经济政府水利机构从事政府为其规定的基本职能以外的经营活动以弥补政府提供资金的不足，经营所得收入用来增加职工工资和扩大其主要业务的资金来源。通常这些经营活动在根据中国公司法建立的附属公司进行，与水利行业可能有关系，也可能没有关系。diversionAhydraulicstructuretodivertparttheflowinarivertoaseparatedistribution,e.g.aweirandassociatedirrigationcanals.Alsousedfortheamountofwaterthatisdiverted,inordertodistinguishbetweenthevolumethatisdivertedandthevolumethatactuallyisused.yinshui,fenshui,yinshuisheshi,yinshuiliang引水，分水，引水设施，引水量从河流引走部分水流到其它水道的水利工程，例如引水堰和相关的灌溉渠道。也指引水量，用于区分引水量和实际使用量。 domesticconsumptionmonitorsMethodsbywhichwatercompaniesassessun-meteredconsumptionbymonitoringtheconsumptionforasampleofthepopulationshenghuoyongshuiliangjiancefangfa,shenghuohaoshuiliangjiancefangfa,jiatingyongshuijiance生活用水量监测方法，生活耗水监测方法，家庭用水监测供水公司通过对样本人口的用水进行监测来评价未计量用水量的方法。domesticwatersupplyWaterusedforhouseholdpurposes,includingdrinking,cooking,personalhygiene,washingclothesanddishes,flushingtoilets,andoutsideusessuchaswateringofdomesticanimals,kitchengardensandlawns,andcarwashingshenghuogongshui生活供水指家庭用水，包括饮用、烹饪、个人卫生、洗衣和洗餐具、冲厕以及家养动物饮用、菜园和草坪灌溉、洗车等户外用水。drainageRemovingexcesswaterorwastewaterfromurbanareasoragriculturallandpaishui排水将市区或者农用土地上过量的水或者污水排走。drainagebasinSeecatchmentliuyu流域见catchment。drawdownThedropinthegroundwatertablecausedbypumpingfromagroundwaterwellandintheformofaconeofdepressiondixiashuiweixiajiang,dixiashuiweixiajiangchuizhijuli,jiangshen地下水位下降，地下水位下降垂直距离，降深由于从水井抽水引起的地下水面呈漏斗形的降落。coneofdepressionThebroadlyconicaldepressionofthewatertablearoundagroundwaterwellthatdevelopsinresponsetopumpingfromthedixiashuixiajiangloudou地下水下降漏斗在地下水井周围因为从井中抽水而形成的大致呈漏斗状的潜水面。 wellwatertableThesurfaceofgroundwaterinanaquiferwhichisincontactwiththeatmosphere(throughtheporespacesofoverlyingsediments)dixiashuiwei,qianshuimian地下水位，潜水面含水层中（通过上方泥沙中的空隙）与大气接触的地下水表面。drilledwellAboreholedrilledintothegroundinordertoinvestigateorabstractgroundwater.zuanjing钻井为调查或者开采地下水钻的井孔。driversThekeyfactorsoractors,thatinfluenceasituationordecision,propelthesystemforward,andhavesignificantinfluenceontheoutcometuidongyinsu推动因素影响某种状况或者决定、推动系统的发展并对结果产生重要影响的关键因素或者角色。droughtAlongperiodwithrainfallsignificantlybelowaveragecausingwatershortageswithseriousimpactonthewaterenvironment,ecosystemsandagriculturalproduction.Oftenmisusedtodescribewatershortagesinasingleorsuccessiveyearscausedbyinadequateassessmentofwaterresourcesandpoorplanningoftheirganhan干旱长期的、连续数年降水明显少于平均水平，造成缺水，给水环境、生态系统和农业生产带来严重影响。常常被错误地用来说明由于水资源评价和水资源利用规划的不当所造成的某一年或者连续数年发生的缺水。 use.droughtmanagementPlansandactionstakentoalleviatethenegativeimpactsofdroughtortemporarywatershortages,includingrestrictionsonwateruse,reductionofwaterallocationstolowvalueuses,emergencywatersupplyarrangements,andotheremergencyreliefganhanguanli干旱管理为缓解干旱或者临时性缺水的负面影响而编制的计划和采取的行动，包括限制用水、削减低价值用途的分配水量、应急供水措施和其它紧急救助措施。earthsummitMeetingsofworldleadersatRiodeJaneiro(1992)andJohannesburg(2002)todiscussenvironmentanddevelopmentquanqiufenghui全球峰会1992年在里约热内卢、2002年在约翰内斯堡召开的讨论环境和发展问题的世界首脑会议。ecologicallysustainabledevelopmentSeesustainabledevelopmentshengtaikechixufazhan生态可持续发展见可持续发展。ecologyTherelationshipsbetweenlivingorganismsandtheirenvironment,orthestudyofsuchrelationshipsshengtai;shengtaixue生态；生态学生物与其环境的关系，或者关于这种关系的学科。economicefficiencyTheefficiencyofaninvestmentinawaterprojectseeningovernmentperspective,i.e.measuredbyitsEconomicInternalRateofReturnwhichisjingjixiaolü经济效率从政府的角度来看水利项目投资的效率，即以经济内部回收率 calculatedastheaverageannualprofitoverthelife-timeoftheinvestment,usingpricesthatexcludegovernmentduties,taxesandsubsidies.来衡量的效率。经济内部回收率以根据不包括政府关税、税收和补贴的价格计算的项目使用期限内年平均利润来表示。economicgoodTheDublinStatementadvocatesthatwatershouldbeconsideredaneconomicgood,i.e.acommoditythatcanbetradedthroughmarketsandbeassignedavalueinallitsusesinordertorankitsallocationfordifferentuses.Seealsosocialgood.jingjiwupin,jingjishangpin,youjiawupin经济物品，经济商品，有价物品都柏林宣言提出应当把水看成经济物品，即能够通过市场交易的商品，能够对它的所有用途赋予价值，以对不同用途之间的水分配进行排序。见社会物品。socialgoodWaterisconsideredasocialgoodwhenitisusedforsocialpurposesanddeliveredforfreeoratapricebelowtheproductionanddistributioncostsmadepossiblebygovernmentsubsidyorcross-subsidisation,e.g.thebasicneedsofwaterforhealthandhygieneofpoorhouseholdsorirrigationprojectsinremoteareastocreateemploymentopportunitiesandsupportpovertyalleviationshehuiwupin社会物品当水用于社会目的并免费提供，或者在政府提供补贴或有横向补贴的情况下以低于生产和分配成本的价格提供时，就把它看成社会物品，例如用于满足贫困家庭健康和个人卫生的基本需水或者偏远地区灌溉工程需水以创造就业机会和帮助扶贫。 economicinstrumentsMeansofcontrollingthedemandforaproductsuchaswaterbyuseofpricingmechanisms,includingwatercharges,progressivetariffs,waterresourcefeesorotherfinancialincentivesand/ordisincentivesjingjishouduan经济手段利用价格机制来控制象对水这样的产品的需求的方法，包括水费、阶梯水价、水资源费或者其它经济措施。economiclevelofleakageThefinanciallyoptimallevelofleakagewherethemarginalcostofactiveleakagecontrolequalsthemarginalcostofwaterlosses.Itisfinanciallyattractiveforawatercompanytoreduceleakagetotheeconomiclevelbutnotbelowthatlevel.Governmentcaninfluencethelevelthroughwaterresourcefeesontheabstractedamountofwaterjingjishenloushuiping经济渗漏水平在财务上最佳的渗漏水平，在这个水平上积极渗漏控制的边际成本等于水损的边际成本。对供水公司来说将渗漏降低、但不低于这个水平在财务上是有吸引力的。政府可以通过根据取水数量收取水资源费来影响这个水平。ecosphereAlltheecosystemsonEarth,alongwiththeirinteractions;thesphereofair,water,andlandinwhichalllifeisfoundshengtaiquan,shengtaiceng,shengwuyu生态圈，生态层，生物域地球上所有相互作用的生态系统；所有生命赖以存在的大气、水和土地圈。ecosystemAcomplexsystemformedbytheinteractionoflivingorganismswiththeirshengtaixitong,shengtaixi生态系统，生态系生物与其环境相互作用形成的复杂系统。 environmenteffluentWastewater-treatedoruntreated-thatisdischargedfromdrains,sewers,wastewatertreatmentplantsorindustrialoutfallsintosurfacewaters wushui,feishui污水，废水处理过或者未经处理、从排水沟、下水道、污水处理厂或者工厂排水口排入地表水体的污水。emergingissueAnissuethatislikelytodevelopintoaprobleminthenearfuture,butnotyetwarrantsactionzhengzaichuxiandewenti正在出现的问题可能会在近期成为难题的问题，但是尚不需要对它采取行动。end-userWateruserattheendofthedistributioinnetwork,e.g.domestic,commercial,institutional,industrialorgovernmentalconsumerzhongduanyongshuihu终端用水户位于配水管网终端的用水户，例如居民、商业、机构、工业或者政府用水户。ElNinoCyclicchangesintheoceancurrentsandatmosphereovertheSouthPacificOceanthatatintervalsofapproximately7yearsbringaboveaveragerainfalltoSEAsiaandSouthernChinaandbelowaveragerainfalltoIndonesia,NewGuineaandAustraliaelninoxianxiang厄尔尼诺现象南太平洋海洋潮流和大气的周期变化，大约7年发生一次，使得东南亚和中国南方的降水超过平均值，印度尼西亚、新几内亚和澳大利亚的降水少于平均值。environmentThesumofallexternalconditionsaffectinglife.Encompassesthenaturalenvironmenthuanjing环境 (biologicalandphysical)andthehumanenvironment(social,culturalandeconomic).Alsousedtodescribetheexternalconditionsaffectinganinstitution.影响生命的所有外部条件总和。包括自然环境（生物和物理环境）及人类环境（社会、文化和经济）。也用于描述影响一个机构的外部条件。environmentalcostsThenegativeimpactsofaprojectonthenaturalenvironmentthataredifficulttoquantifyandcompensateforineconomictermshuanjingfeiyong,huanjingchengben,huanbaofeiyong环境费用，环境成本，环保费用项目对自然环境造成的难以用经济价值定量和补偿的负面影响。EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Thoroughandsystematicprocesstoidentify,describeandassesstheenvironmentalimpactsofaprojectorprogrammeandthepossibleactionstoavoid,reduceorotherwisemitigatethenegativeimpacts.Increasinglyusedasdecisionsupporttoolforinfrastructureprojects.huanjingyingxiangpingjia环境影响评价详尽而系统地确定、描述和评估项目或计划的环境影响，以及为避免、减少或者以其它方式缓解其负面影响可采取行动的过程。越来越多地用作基础设施项目的决策支持手段。SocialImpactAssessment(SIA)Thoroughandsystematicprocesstoidentify,describeandassessthesocialimpactsofaprojectorprogrammeandthepossibleactionstoavoid,reduceorshehuiyingxiangpingjia社会影响评价详尽而系统地确定、描述和评估项目或计划的社会影响以及为避免、减少或以其它方式缓解其负面影响可采取行动的过程。 otherwisemitigatethenegativeimpacts.Increasinglyusedasdecisionsupporttoolforinfrastructureprojects.越来越多地用作基础设施项目的决策支持手段。equalityn.Thestateofbeingequal;ofsamequality,rankorvalue.Equalityamongwaterusersmeansthatallusershaveaccesstowaterresourcesorwatersupplyonthesameconditions,e.g.thesamepriceforthesameservicepingdeng平等相等的状态；具有相同质量、档次或者价值的状态。用水户之间的平等意味着他们在相同条件下享有水资源或者供水，例如对于同样的服务支付同样的价格。equitableadj.Fair,unbiased,objectice,e.g.equitableaccesstowaterresourcesorwatersupplygivesallwaterusersaccesstothebasicneedsofwateratanaffordablepricegongpingde,gongzhengde,gongpinghelide公平的，公正的，公平合理的公正、不偏向、无偏见的，例如水资源或者供水的公平分享是使所有用水户的基本需水都能够以他们有能力支付的价格得到满足。equityn.Sharecapitalwhichgiveseachshareholderrightstocompanyassetsandearningsinproportiontothenominalvalueofthesharesgupiao,guben股票，股本，使各股东按照股票票面价值的比例对公司资产和收入享有权利的股份资本。existingusersAllwateruserswhoareconnectedtoanexistingwaterdistributionnetworkxianyouyonghu现有用户现有配水管网连接的所有用水户。 exploitationThebeneficialuseofwaterorothernaturalresourceskaicai,caijue,kaifa开采，采掘，开发水或其它自然资源的有益利用。externalitycostsThecoststhattheactivitiesofanindividualororganisationimposesonothersnotbenefitingfromtheactivity,orlesscommonlythebenefitsderivedbyothersfromactivitiestheydonotcontributeto;canbeeconomic,environmentalorsocialwaibufeiyong外部费用个人或组织的活动使未从该活动中获益的他人或组织承担的费用，或者在较少的情况下，指其他人从他们未作出贡献的活动中获得的效益；可以是经济的、环境的或社会的。economicexternalitiesExternalitycoststhatcanbemeasuredineconomicterms,e.g.thecostsfortreatmentofdomesticwaterthatupstreamwaterusersimposeondownstramwaterusersbydischargeofpollutedwastewaterjingjiwaibuxing经济外部性能够以经济价值衡量的外部费用，例如由于上游用水户排放污染废水，下游用水户不得不对生活用水进行处理而发生的费用。environmentalexternalitiesEnvironmentalimpactsthatcannotbequantifiedandfullycompensatedineconomicterms,e.g.thenegativeimpactthatdischargeofpollutedwastewaterhasontheecologyofthereceivingwatershuanjingwaibuxing环境外部性不能以经济价值定量并充分补偿的环境影响，例如污染废水的排放对于纳污水体生态的负面影响。socialSocialimpactsthatshehuiwaibu externalitiescannotbequantifiedandfullycompensatedineconomicterms,e.g.thenegativeimpactsonpublichealthfromdischargeandreuseofpollutedwastewaterxing社会外部性不能以经济价值定量并充分补偿的社会影响，例如污染废水的排放和回用对公众健康造成的负面影响。opportunitycostsThevalueofproductionorsocialbenefitsthatareforegoneorpre-emptedwhenascarceresourcesuchaswaterisallocatedorusedforlowratherthanhighvaluepurposesjihuichengben机会成本诸如水资源之类的稀缺资源被分配于或者用于低价值而非高价值的用途而放弃的生产价值或者社会效益。valueofwaterThevaluethatwaterhastodifferentusers;canbeeconomic,e.g.themarginaloraddedvaluethattheuseofwaterhasinindustrialoragriculturalproduction,orsocial,e.g.thevaluethattheuseofwatertoimprovehealthandhygienehastodomesticusersshuidejiazhi水的价值水对于不同用户的价值；可以为经济价值，例如工农业用水产生的增加值，或者为社会价值，例如用于改善健康、卫生的用水对家庭用户的价值。extractionSeeabstractionqushui取水参看abstraction。falkenmarkindicatorIndicatoronrenewablewaterresourcesmeasuredasvolumepercapitaperyear;usedtodescribethelevelofwaterscarcityorfalkenmarkzhibiao富肯马克指标按照年人均水量计算的可更新水资源指标，用于说明水资源短缺或者紧张的程度，通常当该指标低于 waterstresswhichtypicallyoccurswhentheindicatorisbelow1,700m3/capita/yearandissaidtobeseverewhenitfallsbelow1,000m3/capita/year1700立方米/人/年时，表示水资源紧张，低于1000立方米/人/年时表示严重紧张。fixedchargeTheportionofawaterbillthatdoesnotvarywithwaterconsumptiongudingshuifei固定水费水费帐单中不随用水量变化的部分。fixedcostsCostsassociatedwithproductionanddeliveryofwaterthatdonotvarywiththeamountofwaterproducedorsoldgudingchengben,gudingfeiyong固定成本，固定费用不随产水量或售水量而变化的水的生产与供水服务成本。floodplainTheflatornearlyflatlandalongariverorstreamorinatidalareathatiscoveredbywaterduringflooding hemantan,mantan,fanhongpingyuan河漫滩，漫滩，泛洪平原沿河或者位于潮间区的平坦土地或者近乎平坦的土地，在发生洪水时被淹没。flushcontrollersSensorsthatcanbeinstalledonurinalstopreventflushingwhentheyarenotbeingusedchongshuikongzhiqi冲水控制器可安装在小便池上防止不用时冲水的传感装置。 activityActionorconcreteworkcarriedouttoproduceorcontributetoaspecificoutputofaprojecthuodong活动为了得到项目的特定产出或者为之作出贡献的行动或者具体工作。assumptionConditionordecisionwhichisnecessaryforsuccessfulimplementationofaproject,butlargelyorwhollybeyondthecontroloftheprojectmanagement,usedinLogicalFrameworkApproachjiashe假设为成功地实施项目所需要的条件或者决定，但是在很大程度上或者完全不在项目管理者的控制范围内，用于逻辑框架方法中。developmentobjectiveUsedinLogicalFrameworkApproachtodescribethebroadorlong-termchangesorimpactsthataprojectorprogrammewillcontributeto.Alsocalledgoal.fazhanmubiao发展目标在逻辑框架方法中用于描述项目或者计划将为之作出贡献的广泛或长期的变化或影响。也称为长期目标。goalThebroadorlong-termchangesorimpactsthataprojectorprogrammewillcontributeto.Thehighestlevelobjective,alsocalleddevelopmentobjectiveinaLogicalFramework.changqimubiao长期目标项目或者计划将为之作出贡献的广泛或者长期的变化或影响。是最高层次的目标，在逻辑框架中也称为发展目标。immediateobjectivesUsedinLogicalFrameworkApproachtodescribetheimmediateandconcreteresultsthataprojectorjinqimubiao近期目标在逻辑框架方法中用于描述计划或者项目设计提出要实现的近期具体成果。在英语中也称为purpose。 programmehasbeendesignedtoachieve.Alsocalledpurpose.inputThefunds,personnel,materialsandequipmentthatarenecessaryforaprojecttoproduceitsoutputstouru投入项目为实现其产出所需要的资金、人员、材料和设备。logicalframeworkSummaryofaprojectdesign,i.e.itsgoal,purpose,outputs,inputs,indicators,assumptionsandriskssystematicallyarrangedinamatrixreflectingtheirhierarchyandmutualrelations,alsocalledprojectmatrixluojikuangjia逻辑框架项目设计的概要，将长期目标、近期目标、产出、投入、指标、假定和风险以矩阵的形式系统地加以排列，以反映它们之间的层次与相互关系。也称为项目矩阵。LogicalFrameworkApproach(LFA)Managementtoolusedinidentification,planning,implementationandevaluationofaproject.LFAdescribesaprojectintermsofitsgoal,purpose,outputs,activities,inputs,risksandassumptionsaswellasobjectivelyverifiableindicatorstomeasureitssuccess.luojikuangjiafangfa逻辑框架方法用于项目的确定、设计、实施和评价的管理方法。该方法以项目的长期目标、近期目标、产出、活动、投入、风险、假设和衡量项目成就的可客观验证指标描述项目。objectiveAmorespecificstatementthanagoaldescribingthechangesmubiao目标 orimpactsthataprojectorprogrammewillcontributetoorachieve.IntheLogicalFrameworkApproachdevelopmentobjectiveisoftenusedsynonymouslywithgoalforthelongtermchanges,whileimmediateobjectivemaybeusedsynonymouslywithpurposefortheintermediatestepstowardsagoal.对项目或者计划将为之作出贡献或者将实现的变化或影响所做的描述，与“goal”相比较为具体。在逻辑框架方法中，常常把“发展目标”作为描述长期变化的“goal”的同义词，而“近期目标”可作为描述实现长期目标过程中所经过步骤的“purpose”的同义词。outputTheresultsthataprojectisdesignedtoproduceandguaranteedthenecessaryinputsforchanchu产出项目设计规定要实现的结果，为此要保证项目得到必要的投入。outputindicatorIndicatorwhichtrackswhetherprojectoutputsareproducedontimeandintheexpectedquantityandqualitychanchuzhibiao产出指标用于跟踪项目是否按时并按照预期的数量和质量提供产出的指标。projectmatrixSummaryofaprojectdesignsystematicallydescribingandarrangingallkeyelements,factorsandconsequencesofsuccessfulprojectimplementationandtheirmutualrelationsinalogicalframework,i.e.goal,purpose,outputs,xiangmujuzhen项目矩阵项目设计的概要，以逻辑框架形式系统地描述、排列项目成功实施所涉及的所有关键要素、结果以及它们相互之间的关系，包括长期目标、近期目标、产出、投入、指标、假设和风险。 inputs,indicators,assumptionsandriskspurposeTheimmediateandconcreteresultsthataprojectorprogrammehasbeendesignedtoachieve.AlsocalledimmediateobjectiveintheLogicalFrameworkApproachjinqimubiao,mudi,yitu近期目标，目的，意图项目或者计划的设计提出要实现的近期具体成果。在逻辑框架方法中也以英语称为immediateobjective。functionThebasicroleofaanorganisationorofaunitordepartmentwithinanorganisation,e.g.planning,management,marketing,production,billingandcollection,accounting,operationandmaintenance,etc.zhineng职能组织或者组织内部的单位或部门的基本功能，例如计划、管理、营销、生产、计费和收费、会计、运行与维护等。governanceThemannerorfunctionofgoverningandexercisingauthority.Generallyusedtoincludeelectoralandlegislativesystems,justiceandpublicadministration,capacitytodeliverbasicservicesandprotectnaturalresourceszhili,shizheng,guanxia治理，施政，管辖行使统治与权力的方式或者职能。通常包括选举制度和法律制度、司法和公共管理、提供基本服务和保护自然资源的能力等。HRDHumanResourcesDevelopment  人力资源开发的缩写HumanDevelopmentAcompositeindicatorwhichcombineshealth,renleifazhanzhishu包括 Index(HDI)educationandlivingstandard.HDIiscalculatedfromthelifeexpectancy,literacy,schoolenrolmentandGDPandispublishedannuallybyUNDPinHumanDevelopmentReport.人类发展指数健康、教育和生活标准因素在内的复合指标。根据预期寿命、识字率、入学率和国内生产总值进行计算，并且由联合国开发计划署在其《人类发展报告》中按年度发布。humanresourcesdevelopment(HRD)Processtobringtheskillsofstaffinlinewithnewrequirementstotheorganisationtheyworkinrenliziyuankaifa人力资源开发根据对组织机构的新要求提高其职员技能的过程。institutionOrganisationorindividualagencywithaspecificstructureandhierarchyofauthority,aformalallocationofresponsibilitiesandtasks,andoperatingunderasetofvaluesandinterestswhichdefinethewayitpresentsitselftotheworld.Usedinthewatersectorforanagencyinvolvedintheplanning,managementoruseofwaterresourcesorinthedeliveryofwaterservices.jigou,shiyedanwei,yuanxiao,yuansuo,zhidu机构，事业单位，院校，院所，制度组织或者独立单位，它具有特定结构和权力层次，对责任和任务有正式的分工，按照它向社会承诺的价值标准和工作领域进行运作。在水行业中指与水资源规划、管理、利用或者水利服务有关的单位institutionalarrangementThelegislationandregulationsthatgovernandinfluencethebehaviourandinteractionofjigouanpai机构安排支配、影响一个行业中不同机构的行为和相互关系的法律与规则。 differentinstitutionswithinasectorinstitutionalassessmentAnalysisofacountry’sgovernmentstructure,theinstitutionalarrangementsofspecificsectors,ortheformalandinformalfunctioningofanindividualorganization.Theresultofastrategicinstitutionalassessmentwouldbeaproposalforastatutedescribingthevision,mandateandresponsibilityoftheinstitution.jigoupingjia机构评价对一个国家的政府结构、特定行业的机构安排或者单个组织的正式与非正式作用进行分析。战略性机构评价的结果将对包括展望、职权和责任等内容在内的机构章程提出建议。institutionalchangeThestrengtheningordevelopmentofaninstitutiontomeetnewdemandsorresponsibilitiesjigoubianhua,jigouzhuanbian机构变化，机构转变为了满足新的需求或承担新的责任加强或者发展一个机构。institutionaldevelopmentSupportingasectorororganizationtoimproveitsexternaleffectiveness,i.e.itsroleandfunctioninrelationtootherorganisationsandthepublic.Comprisesbothdirectsupporttotheorganisationandbuildingofthecapacityoftheorganisationtoplan,jigoufazhan机构发展支持一个行业或者组织改善其外部效能，即与其它组织和公众有关的职能。包括对该组织以及该组织设计、执行和管理自身改革计划的能力建设提供直接帮助。 implement,andmanageitsownchangeprogramme.institutionalstrengtheningSeeorganisationalstrengtheningjigoujiaqiang机构加强见组织加强。institutionalstructureThehierarchyofinstitutionswithinorbetweensectorsandtherulesandregulationsthatgovernthedivisionofauthority,responsiblyandfunctionsbetweenthemandtheirinternalcommunicationtizhijiegou,jigoushezhi体制结构，机构设置行业内或者行业间机构的层次以及支配机构之间权力、责任与职能分工以及内部交流的规则。missionAconcisestatementdescribingthegoalorpurposeofanorganizationshiming,renwu使命，任务对组织的长期目标或者近期目标的简明陈述。organisationalstrengtheningSupportinganorganisationtoimproveitsinternalefficiencybyrestructuring,updatingandmodernisationofinternalworkingprocedures,modernisingequipmentandcorrespondingadjustmentsofstaffingzuzhijiaqiang组织加强支持一个组织通过内部工作程序的重组、改进和现代化、更新设备和对人员进行相应调整来提高其内部效率。organizationalstructureThedistributionoffunctions,activities,processesandresponsibilitieszuzhijiegou组织结构一个组织内部的职能、活动、程序和责任的分配。在这里“职能” withinanorganization,wherefunctionreferstothebasicroleofeachunitordepartment,e.g.administration,accounting,operationandmaintenance,etc.,activitiesaresubsetsoffunctions,e.g.individualjobsortasks,processesrefertothewaysinwhichfunctionsandtasksarestrungtogetherwithintheorganization,andresponsibilitiesrefertotheauthorityvestedinindividualsandthelinesofaccountabilitythatexistinanorganization指各个单位或者部门的基本功能，例如行政管理、会计、运行与维护等；“活动”指职能的组成部分，例如独立的工作任务；“程序”指在组织内部各项职能和任务安排的顺序；“责任”指授予个人的权力以及组织内的各种绩效责任。boardofdirectorsAcommitteecomprisingthedirector(s)andotherleadersofanorganisationorcompanysupportingthemanagingdirectororchiefexecutiveinthedailymanagementofthecompanydongshihui董事会由董事和其他领导人组成的组织或者公司的委员会，为组织或公司的总经理或者首席执行官进行公司的日常管理提供支持。internationalbestpracticeWorkpracticesinaparticularfieldthatamongsectorprofessionalarerecognizedwidelyasbeingthebestintheworldatthepresentguojizuijiafangfa国际最佳方法在一个特定领域里被行业专业人员广泛认为是当代世界上最佳的工作方法。 timemanagevb.Systematicdecisionmaking,allocationofresources,supervisionofworkandmonitoringofprogresswithinasectororanorganisationinordertoachieveagreedgoalsorobjectivesguanli管理（动词）在一个行业或者组织内系统地进行决策、资源分配、工作监督和进展监测，以实现议定的目标。managementboardAnelectedorappointedcommitteewhichdecidesonthegoalsandobjectivesofanorganisationorcompany,approvestheplansandbudgetspreparedbythedirectororboardordirectorsandmonitorstheperformanceguanliweiyuanhui管理委员会选举产生或者任命组成的委员会，负责确定组织或者公司的目标，批准经理或者董事会提出的计划和预算，对绩效进行监督。managementn.Themembers,mainlytheleaders,oftheadministrationofanorganisationorcompanyguanliceng管理层组织或者公司的管理部门成员，主要是领导成员。marginalcostThecostofproducingandsupplyinganadditionalunitofwater,includingboththeextraoperationalcostsandanycapitalcoststoinvestinextraproductioncapacitybianjichengben边际成本多生产和供应一个单位水量的成本，包括增加的运行成本和任何为增加生产能力所进行的资本投资。marginal-costAmethodofwaterbianjicheng pricingtariffdesignwherepricesreflectthecostsassociatedwithproducingthenextincrementofsupply,thustakingaccountoffutureexpansionsofthewatersupplysystembendingjia边际成本定价反映供水增量生产成本从而考虑了供水系统未来扩展的水价设计方法。µg/lmicrogrammesperlitre,usedtomeasuretheconcentrationofdissolvedsubstances,approximatelyequaltoppbweikesheng微克/升用于度量溶解物质浓度的指标，近似于十亿分之一。BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD5)Theamountofoxygenconsumedinthebiologicalprocessesthatbreakdownorganicmatterinwater.Animportantindicatoronthedegreeoforganicpollution.BOD5ismeasuredbyreactionbetweenwaterandanoxidisingcompoundoveraperiod5days,hencethesuffix5,inordertoallowfortotalbreakdownororganicmatter.shenghuaxuyangliang,shenghuahaoyangliang生化需氧量(BOD5)，生化耗氧量在水中将有机物分解的生物过程的耗氧量。是反映有机污染程度的一个重要指标。生化需氧量(BOD5)是以在5天内使有机物完全分解的水和某种氧化剂之间的反应衡量的，因此其英语缩写以5为下标。BOD5BiochemicalOxygenDemand  生化需氧量的缩写coliformbacteriaAgroupofrelativelyharmlessmicroorganismsthatliveinlargenumbersdachangjun,dachangxingxijun,da大肠菌,一类相对无害、大量生存在于人和动物肠内的微生物。其中一种为粪便大肠菌 intheintestinesofhumansandanimals.Aspecificsubgroupisthefaecalcoliformswhosepresenceinaquaticenvironmentsindicatesthatthewaterhasbeenpollutedbyfaecalmaterialchangganjun大肠型细菌，大肠杆菌，在水环境中发现这种菌就表明水受到了粪便的污染。dissolvedoxygen(DO)Theamountofoxygendissolvedinsurfacewaterandfreelyavailabletofishandotheraquaticlifeorforoxidationofdecayingorganicmatterorgassesreleasedfromsuchdecay.TheDOlevelisconsideredthemostimportantindicatorofawaterbody’sabilitytosupportdesirableaquaticlife.rongjieyang溶解氧溶解于地表水中并能够直接地供鱼类和其它水生生物使用，或者为腐烂的有机物或腐烂释放气体的氧化所利用的氧气数量。溶解氧水平被认为是衡量水体支持良好水生生命的能力的最重要指标。Escherichiacoli(E.coli)Typeofcoliformbacteriausedasindicatoroffaecalpollutionofwaterdachangganjun大肠杆菌一种用作水的粪便污染指标的大肠菌。faecalcoliformsAsubgroupofcoliformbacteriawhosepresenceinwaterisanindicatorofpollutionbyhumanoranimalfaecesfenbiandachangjun粪便大肠菌大肠菌的一种，水中含有这种细菌表明它受到人类或者动物粪便污染。mg/lmilligrammesperlitre,usedtomeasurehaokesheng毫克/升测量溶解物质浓度的指标，近似于 theconcentrationofdissolvedsubstances,approximatelyequaltoppm百万分之一。ppbpartsperbillion,usedtomeasureconcentrationsoftraceelementsinsolidsorsolutionsshiyifenzhiyi十亿分之一测量固体或者溶液中微量元素的浓度的指标。ppmpartspermillion,usedtomeasureconcentrationsoftraceelementsinsolidsorsolutionsbaiwanfenzhiyi百万分之一用于测量固体或者溶液中微量元素的浓度的指标。discountingCalculationmethodtoconvertfuturebenefits,expenditureorinvestmentcostsintotheirequivalentpresentdayvalue,calculatedbydeductionoftheaverageinterestthatpresentdaycapitalcouldearnintheperioduptothetimewhentheactualexpenditureisincurredzhexian折现将未来的效益、支出或者投资费用折算成现值，其计算方法是扣除现在的资金在实际支出发生之日以前的时期里能够获得的平均利息。incrementalcostTheadditionalcostperunitofwaterthatisrequiredtoincreaseproductionbyasmallamount,e.g.1%.Thecostincludesboththeincreaseindirectproductioncostsandthecapitalchengbenzengliang,zengliangchengben,bianjichengben成本增量，增量成本，边际成本小幅度（例如1%）增加产水量所需要的单位水量成本增量。该成本增量包括直接生产成本的增加值以及提高生产能力所需要的基建投资费用。见边际成本。 costsofinvestmentinadditionalproductioncapacity.Seemarginalcost.longrunmarginalcostTheadditionalcostsassociatedwithsupplyinglargervolumesofwater,includingboththeadditionalproductioncostsandthecapitalcostsoftheinvestmentneededtoexpandtheproductionsystemchangqibianjichengben长期边际成本扩大供水量产生的成本增量，包括生产成本增量和扩大生产系统所需要的基建投资费用。netbenefitsThenumericaldifferencebetweentotalbenefitsandtotalcosts,bothofwhichmustbeexpressedinthesameunit(usuallydollars).Seecost-effectiveness.jingxiaoyi净效益总效益与总成本的数值差额，两者必须都使用相同的单位（通常用元）。见成本有效。netpresentcostThesumofpresentandfutureexpendituresdiscountedtotheirpresentvaluefeiyongjingxianzhi费用净现值当前和未来费用的现值总和。netpresentvalueThepresentvalueoftotalbenefitslessthevalueoftotalcostsbothdiscountedtotheirpresentvaluejingxianzhi净现值总效益的现值减去总成本的现值。presentvalueFutureexpendituresexpressedintermsofpresentvaluesbyadjustingforthetimexianzhi现值 valueofmoneyusingadiscountratethatisbasedonfinancingcosts利用以投资成本为依据确定的折现率将未来的支出折算为当前的货币价值以反映资金的时间价值。GinicoefficientIndicatoronincomeinequalityrangingfromzero(noinequality)toone(maximuminequality).MeasuredgraphicallyusingaLorenzdiagram,whereitiscalculatedastheratiooftheareabetweenthelineofequalincomedistributionandthecurveofactualincomedistributiontothetotalareabelowthelineofequalincomedistribution.ginixishu基尼系数，吉尼系数反映收入不平等的指数，其数值范围从0（没有不平等）至1（最大的不平等）。利用洛伦兹图以图解法求得，为同等收入分布线和实际收入分布曲线之间的面积与同等收入分布线以下总面积之比。LorenzcurveALorenzcurvecanbeusedtoillustratetheinequalityoftheincomedistributionwithinapopulation.Thecurveisconstructedbyplottingthecumulativeincomeofthepopulationagainstthecumulativepercentageofthepopulationhavingincomesequaltoorlowerthanagivenvalue.Thedeviationofthecurvefromastraightlineisalorenzquxian洛伦兹曲线洛伦兹曲线可以用来说明人口中收入分配的不平等。以人口累计收入与收入等于或低于某一特定值的人口累计百分比为坐标点绘曲线。该曲线与直线的偏差为收入不平等的衡量标准，可以表示成用基尼系数。 measureoftheincomeinequalityandmaybeexpressedastheGinicoefficient.LorenzdiagramDiagramofLorenzcurvesusedtoshoworcomparetheinequalityoftheincomedistributionwithinorbetweenpopulationsoritschangewithtime.TheareabetweenthelineofequalincomedistributionandtheLorenzcurveisameasureoftheinequalityoftheincomedistribution,andtheratioofitssizetothetotalareabelowthelineofequalincomedistributionistheGinicoefficient.lorenztu洛伦兹图用于说明或者比较人口中或者不同人口之间收入不平等或收入不平等随时间变化的洛伦兹曲线图。在同等收入分布线和洛伦兹曲线之间的面积为收入分配不平等的衡量标准，它与同等收入分布线下方的面积之比就是基尼系数。incentivechargingWaterfeesorchargesdesignedtogivecustomersaneconomicincentivetoachieveaspecificobjective,forexampleanincreasingblocktarifftoreducewaterconsumptionjilixingshoufei激励性收费为达到特定目的为消费者提供经济奖励的水费制度，例如：采用递增阶梯水价减少用水量。increasingblocktariffApricingstructureforwatersupplywithstep-wiseincreaseofthepriceperunitwaterfromoneblocktothenext.Commonlyusedreduceoveralldizengjietishuijia递增阶梯水价单位水价随用水量的逐段递增而增加的水价结构。通常用于降低用水总量，以贫困家庭有能力支付的价格向他们提供基本生活用水，例如 waterconsumptionandenablesupplyofthebasicneedsofdomesticwatertopoorhouseholds,e.g.0–6m3/month,atanaffordableprice.0-6立方米/月这一范围的用水。uniformrateAwatertariffwiththesamepriceperunitwaterirrespectiveoftheamountofwaterusedtongyishuijia,gudingshuifei,baojiashuifei统一水价，固定水费，包价水费单位水价不随用水量的大小而变化的水价结构。flatfeeAwatertariffwiththesamepriceperunitwaterirrespectiveoftheamountofwaterusedtongyishuifei,gudingshuifei,baojiashuifei统一水费，固定税费，包价水费单位水价不随用水量的大小而变化的水价结构。headworksHydraulicworksforabstractionordiversionofwatertoanirrigationsystem,e.g.aweir,damorpumpingstationqushou渠首为灌溉系统取水或引水的水利工程，例如堰、坝或者泵站。hydraulicworksWorksspecificallyconstructedtoregulatetheflowofwaterinspaceandtime,includedams,weirs,canals,channels,pumpingstations,sluices,etc.shuiligongcheng水利工程专门为调节水流的时空分布而建设的工程，包括水坝、堰、运河、沟渠、泵站、水闸等。primarycanalsIrrigationcanalsconveyingwaterfromaheadworktosecondarycanalsganqu干渠将水从渠首输往支渠的灌溉渠道。 secondarycanalsIrrigationcanalsconveyingwaterfromprimarycanalstooff-takesforindividualirrigationschemezhiqu支渠将水从干渠输往各个灌片进水口的灌溉渠道。tertiarycanalsIrrigationcanalsandditchesdistributingwatertoindividualfieldsdouqu斗渠将水分配到各个地块的灌溉渠道。full-costpricingPricingforawaterservice(e.g.watersupply,wastewaterordrainage)thatisdesignedtorecoverallthecostsofprovidingthatservicefromusers.Fullcostscanbedefinedinfinancialoreconomicterms.Financialcostsincludecapitalinvestment,interestpayments,operatingandmanagementexpenses,costsofmaintainingandreplacingcapitalfacilities,andanyfeesimposedbyregulatoryauthorities.Economiccostsdifferfromfinancialcostsbyrecognizingopportunitycostsandexternalities.quanchengbendingjia,quanechengbendingjia全成本定价，全额成本定价旨在从消费者回收全部服务成本的水务服务（例如供水、污水和排水服务）定价方法。全成本的定义可以采用财务定义或者经济定义。财务成本包括基建投资、利息支付、运行管理费、固定设施的维护更新费用以及监管部门收取的任何费用。经济成本与财务成本不同在于它考虑机会成本与外部性。affirmativeactionDecisionsandactivitieswhichgiveyoudaicuoshi,fanqi preferencetoaparticulargroupofpeople,oftenwomen,e.g.thereservationofanumberofseatsinparliamentforwomenorthemandatoryinclusionofwomenincommunity-basedwatermanagementcommitteesshicuoshi优待措施，反歧视措施给予特定群体（常常是妇女）优惠待遇的决定和行动，例如在议会中为妇女保留一定的席位或者在法令中规定社区水管理委员会中要包括妇女等。AppraisalAssessmentoftherelevance,feasibilityandsustainabilityofaprojectusedasbasisforadecisionwhetherornottogoaheadwithimplementationoftheprojectpinggu,pingjia,jianding评估，评价，鉴定对项目的相关性、可行性和可持续性进行评估，作为决定是否继续执行项目的依据。beneficiariesThepeopleorinstitutionswhodirectlyorindirectlybenefitfromaprojectshouyizhe受益者直接或者间接从项目获益的人或者机构。blueprintTechnicaldesigndrawingreproducedbyanobsoletephotoprintingtechnique,commonlyusedtodescribeplansthatprescribeaspecificandinflexibledevelopmentlantu,xiangjinjihua蓝图，详尽计划采用已经过时的影印技术复制的技术设计图纸，通常用于描述内容具体、不可变更的开发计划。BrundtlandReportThereport“OurCommonFuture”issuedin1987bytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandbrundtlandbaogao布伦特兰报告即 Development.OftencalledtheBrundtlandreportafterthechairpersonofthecommission,thethenPrimeMinisterofNorway,Ms.GroHarlemBrundtland.Thereportisoneofthekeyenvironmentaldocumentsofthe20thcenturyrepresentingthepreliminaryculminationofagrowingglobalawarenessoftheenvironmentalproblemsfacingtheEarthandtheneedforaction.1987年由世界环境与发展委员会发表的《我们共同的未来》报告。由于该委员会主席为当时的挪威首相G.H.布伦特兰夫人，该报告常常被称为布伦特兰报告。该报告是20世纪关键的环境文件之一，代表全世界对地球面临的环境问题以及需要采取的行动认识不断提高，到达第一个顶点。civilworksConstructionsthatservecivilsociety,e.g.dams,watersupplysystems,sewerssystems,irrigationheadworks,electricitydistributionsystems,etc.tujiagongcheng,minyonggongcheng土建工程，民用工程为公民社会提供服务的工程，例如水坝、供水系统、污水系统、灌溉渠首、配电系统等。compliancemonitoringIndicatortomonitorwhetherrelevantprojectorgovernmentprocedures,rulesandregulationsarebeingfollowedandachievethedesiredresultsheguijiance合规监测监测有关的计划或者政府的程序、规则、制度是否得到了遵守并得到预期的结果。effectivenessAmeasureoftheextenttowhichaprojectorprogrammeachievesitsxiaoguo效果用于评价项目或者计划实现其近期、长期目标 purposeandgoal程度的一种衡量标准。efficiencyTheproductivityofprojectimplementationmeasuredastheunitcostsofproducingspecificoutputscomparedwithsimilarprojectsorbestpractices.Usedinprojectevaluation.xiaolü效率项目实施的生产率，以特定产出的单位成本与类似项目或者先进方法相比较来衡量。在项目评价中使用。environmentalflowTheflowwithinastreamthatisnecessarytomaintainawellfunctioningaquatichabitatandecology,expressedasapercentageoftheoriginalmeanannualflow.Itisgenerallyagreedthat40%oftheoriginalflowisrequiredtomaintain“good”habitatconditions,while30%is“fair”and10%orlessis“poor”.huanjingliuliang环境流量为使水生生境与生态维持良好功能河流必需的流量，以原有的平均年流量的百分比表示。一般认为为了维持“良好”的生境条件，需要保持原来流量的40%，而30%代表“中等”，10%代表“不良”。evaluationSystematicassessmentoftheperformanceofaprogrammeorprojectcomprisingitsefficiency,effectiveness,impact,sustainabilityandrelevancepingjia评价系统地评估计划或者项目的绩效，包括效率、效果、影响、可持续性和相关性。evapotranspirationEvaporationfromzhengfazhengteng,tengfa植物与农作物的蒸发。 plantsandcrops蒸发蒸腾，腾发frameworkplanAnational,riverbasinorotherhighlevelplanwhichformsthebasisformoredetailedplansforindividualsectors,subsectors,sub-basins,andsoon,thatmustbeconsistentwiththeframeworkplan,e.g.theStrategicPlanforNationalWaterResourcesandComprehensivePlansforRiverBasinstobepreparedaccordingtothe2002WaterLawkuangjiaguihua框架规划国家、流域或者其它种类的高级别规划，为各个行业、子行业、子流域等比较详细的规划提供依据，后者必须与框架规划保持一致。例如，2002年《水法》规定的全国水资源战略规划和流域综合规划都属于框架规划。fundamentaldatasetOriginaldataobtaineddirectlybyobservationandmeasurementyuanshishujuji原始数据集通过观测、测量直接获得的原始数据。gendermainstreamingIncorporationofgenderperspectivesintowaterresourcemanagementstrategiesshehuixingbiezhuliuhua社会性别主流化在水资源管理战略中引入社会性别观点。globalwarmingThewarmingoftheEarth"satmosphereandoceansattributedtohumanactivities,includingtheimpactfromburningoffossilfuelsandtheemissionofgassesthatcontributetothegreenhouseeffect.quanqiubiannuan全球变暖地球上的大气和海洋由于人类活动变暖，包括燃烧矿物燃料和温室效应气体排放的影响。 GlobalWaterPartnershipAninternationalnetworkestablishedin1996,opentoallorganizationsinvolvedinwaterresourcemanagement,createdinresponsetotheagreementinAgenda21topromoteintegratedwaterresourcemanagementatfieldlevelquanqiushuihuoban全球水伙伴于1996年成立的国际网络组织，对参与水资源管理的所有组织开放，成立的目的是响应在《21世纪议程》中达成的共识推动实际的水资源统一管理。grantaidAtransferpaymentusuallyfromonegovernmenttoanother,i.e.technicalassistanceandfundsthatdonothavetoberepaidzengkuanyuanzhu赠款援助通常为政府之间的转移支付,即不需要偿还的技术援助与资金。GreenhouseEffectHeatingoftheEarth"satmospherecausedbypreferentialreflectionofinfraredradiationfromcloudsandgassesintheatmospherethatslowsdownthelossofheatfromtheEarth.Increasedemissionofgasses,suchascarbondioxideandmethane,fromhumanactivitiesareenhancingtheGreenhouseEffectandcausingglobalwarming.wenshixiaoying温室效应由于云层和大气中的气体对红外线辐射的反射减缓了地球热量损失导致地球大气温度升高。人类活动排放的二氧化碳和甲烷等气体的增长正在强化温室效应并导致全球变暖。GrossDomesticThetotalmonetaryvaluecalculatedatguoneishengchanzongzhi Product(GDP)marketpricesofallgoodsandservicesproducedinaneconomyoveroneyear国内生产总值一个经济体在一年中提供的所有产品和服务以市场价格计算的总货币价值。groundwaterWateroccurringinthepores,voidsandfracturesofsoils,sedimentsorrocksandsaturatingallopenspacedixiashui地下水土壤、泥沙或者岩层的孔隙、裂缝中包含的、充满所有开敞空间的水。groundwaterrechargeRainorsurfacewaterthatinfiltratesthesoilandpercolatesthroughtheunsaturatedzonetobecomegroundwaterdixiashuibuji,dixiashuihuibu地下水补给，地下水回补降水或者地表水渗入土壤并通过不饱和带成为地下水。headcountThenumberofpeoplewithanidentifiedcharacteristice.g.livingbelowthepovertylinezongrenshu总人数具有一致特征（例如生活贫困线以下）的群体的人数。heavymetalsMetallicelementswithhighatomicweights,e.g.,copper,lead,zinc,mercury,cadmiumandarsenic,whichtendtoaccumulateinthefoodchaincausingchronicdiseaseszhongjinshu重金属高原子量的金属元素，例如铜、铅、锌、汞和砷，这些元素常常在食物链中积累引起慢性疾病。holisticTakingallrelevantfactorsintoaccounttongchoude,zhengtide统筹的，整体的考虑所有相关因素的。hydrodynamicmodelAcomputerisedmodelusedtosimulatetheflowofwaterinshallowseas,lakes,riversorcanals,e.g.liutidonglixuemoxing流体动力学模型用于模拟浅海、湖泊、河流或者渠道中水流的计算机模型，例如模拟河道中水流的速度与方向或者洪水波的演进。. thespeedanddirectionofcurrentsortheprogressionofafloodwavealongarivercoursehydrologiccycleThestates,occurrenceandnaturalmovementofwateronEarthshuiwenxunhuan水文循环地球上水的状态、事件和自然运动。hydrologicsystemmodelAcomputerisedmodelusedtosimulatetheinteractionofrainfall,run-off,riverflow,storageanduseofwaterwithinahydrologicalsystemsuchasacatchmentoranentireriverbasin.Atypicalmodelisbuiltofnodesandlinks.Thenodesrepresentpointswherethereiswithdrawal,diversion,discharge,infloworstorageofwater,whilethelinksrepresenttheflowofwaterbetweennodes.Manyhydrologicalmodelshavemodulesthatenablemodellingofwaterqualityandsedimenttransport.shuiwenxitongmoxing水文系统模型用于模拟一个水文系统（例如一个集水区或者整个流域）中降水、径流、河道流量、蓄水和用水相互作用的计算机模型。一般是由节点和连线构成。节点代表取水、引水、排水、入流或者蓄水地点，而连线代表节点之间的水流。许多水文模型都包含能够进行水质和泥沙输送模拟的模块。hydrologyThesciencedealingwiththeproperties,distributionandflowofwatershuiwenxue水文学有关水的性质、分布和流动的科学。impactThepositiveornegativechangesyingxiang影响由 resultingfromtheimplementationofaprojectorprogramme项目或者计划的实施产生的正面或者负面变化。impactindicatorIndicatortomeasurethechangesthataprojecthasachievedorcontributedtoinaccordancewithitsgoalandpurpose,includingboththeactualandperceivedbenefitsaswellasunintendednegativeimpactsyingxiangzhibiao影响指标衡量项目按照其长期、近期目标产生或者促成的变化的指标，包括实在的、感知到的效益以及意外的负面影响。indicatorAvariableusedtomeasurethestatusofasystemormonitoraproject.Aprojectmonitoringandevaluationprogrammetypicallycomprisesindicatorstomeasureimpacts,processes,compliancewithprocedures,progressoroutputsandinputs.zhibiao指标用于衡量系统的状态或者监测项目的变量。项目监测评价计划通常都包括衡量影响、过程、守规、进展或者产出与投入等情况的指标。infiltrationnTheamountofrainorsurfacewaterthatabsorbedbyorseepsintosurfacesoil,whereitmayberetainedassoilmoistureintheunsaturatedzoneorpercolatetogreaterdepthtoformgroundwaterrushen入渗降水或者地表水中被表层土壤吸收或者渗入表层土壤的水量，入渗水量或者停留于非饱和带成为土壤水，或者进一步渗漏成为地下水。 informationDatathathavebeenconsolidated,synthesised,orcombinedandaretabular,graphicalorotherformatsthatreadilycanbeusedinplanning,awarenessraising,monitoring,evaluationanddecision-making.Thedistinctionbetweendataandinformationisthatthedatarepresentstheoriginalobservationswhileinformationisatransformationofthatdataforspecificpurposes.xinxi信息经过整理、综合并以表格、图形等便于在规划、宣传、监测、评价和决策中应用的格式表示的数据。数据与信息之间的区别是数据代表原始观测，而信息代表根据特定目的对数据进行的转换。informationmanagementTheprocessandmeansbywhichdataarecompiled,organised,stored,safe-guarded,extracted,retrieved,listedanddisseminated.Alsocalleddatamanagement.xinxiguanli信息管理对数据进行汇编、整理、存储、维护、摘录、检索、列表和传播的过程与手段。也称为数据管理。infrastructureThebasicfacilities,installationsandservicesneededforthefunctioningofacommunityorsociety,suchastransportationandcommunicationsystems,waterandpowersystems,publicinstitutionsincludingschools,andjichusheshi基础设施社区或者社会运行所需要的基本装置、设备和公共设施，例如运输与通信系统、水和电力系统、学校和医院之类的公共机构等。 hospitals,etc.inputindicatorIndicatorstotrackthetimelydelivery,disbursementanduseofthefunds,personnel,materialsandequipmentthatarenecessaryforprojectimplementationtouruzhibiao投入指标用于跟踪项目实施所必需的资金、人员、材料和设备是否及时提供、支付和使用的指标。instreamflowRiverandstreamflowthatmaintainsstreamquality,aquaticlifeandrecreationalopportunitieshedaoneiliuliang河道内流量能维持河水质量、水生生命和满足娱乐需要的河水流量。instreamuseWaterusetakingplacewithinastream,e.g.hydropowergeneration,navigation,aquacultureanddifferentrecreationaluseshedaoneiyongshui河道内用水在河流内发生的用水，例如水力发电、航运、水产和各种娱乐活动。integratedwaterresourcemanagement(IWRM)Aholisticperspectiveofwaterbalancingitsvaluetotheenvironmentanditssocialandeconomicvalueincompetingbeneficialusesfordomestic,industrial,agriculturalandrecreationalandotherpurposes.Theverticalandhorizontalintegrationofthemanagementofwateryitihuashuiziyuanguanli,zongheshuiziyuanguanli,zongheyitihuashuiziyuanguanli,shuiziyuantongyiguanli一体化水资源管理，综合水资源管理，综合一体化水资源管理，水资源统一管理，以统筹的观点看待水，在水的环境价值和家庭、工业、农业、娱乐等竞争性用水体现的社会和经济价值之间实现平衡。 按照都柏林宣言的原则对水资源管理实现纵向与横向的统一，确保更加公平、高效和可持续地利用水资源。  ensuringamoreequitable,efficientandsustainableuseofwaterinaccordancewiththeDublinStatement..IWRMmustbeundertakeninariverbasincontexttominimizeboundaryeffects.水资源统一管理必须以流域为单位进行，以最大限度地减少边界效应。integratedwaterresourceplanningAnopenandparticipatoryplanningprocessemphasizingabalancedconsiderationofavailablewaterresourcesandwaterdemands,basedonanintegratedfinancial,economic,socialandenvironmentalanalysisandusingbothsupplyanddemandmanagementoptionstomeetwaterneedszongheshuiziyuanguihua,yitihuashuiziyuanguihua,zongheyitihuashuiziyuanguihua,shuiziyuantongyiguihua综合水资源规划，一体化水资源规划，综合一体化水资源规划，水资源统一规划一种开放、参与式的规划过程，强调对可利用水资源与需水给与同样的重视，根据对财务、经济、社会和环境进行的综合分析同时采取供水与需水管理两方面的措施来满足对水的需求。interbasintransferAtransferordiversionofwaterfromonecatchmentorriverbasintoanotherkualiuyudiaoshui跨流域调水将水从一个流域调往另一个流域。investmentTheuseoffundsonproductiveassets,e.g.constructionworks,equipmentormaterials,inordertoachieveamediumorlongtermprofitorfinancialoreconomictouzi投资将资金用于生产性资产，例如建设工程、设备或者材料，以获得中长期利润或财务、经济效益。 benefitinvestor-ownedutilityAcompanyownedbyprivatesectorinvestorsandtypicallyprovidingapublicservicesuchaswaterorelectricitysupplyregulatedbyagovernmentregulatoryagencytouzizheyongyoudegongyongshiye投资者拥有的公用事业私人投资者拥有的公司，一般是提供水、电等公共服务，受到政府管制机构的监管。irrigationApplyingwaterorwastewatertocultivatedlandassupplementtorainfallinordertoimprovecropproductionguangai灌溉用水或者污水浇灌耕地，来弥补降水的不足，提高作物产量。irrigationschedulingOptimizingtheuseofirrigationwaterbymatchingofthewateringscheduletotheneedsofcropsaccordingtodirectobservationorexperienceofthecrops.Canbebothmanualandautomated.guangaijindujihua,guangaishijianbiao灌溉进度计划，灌溉时间表根据对作物的直接观察或者经验按照作物的需要安排灌水进度以优化灌溉用水。能够以人工方式或者自动化方式进行。irrigationschemeAnsystemoffieldssuppliedfromthesamewateroff-takeoranirrigatedareamanagedbythesamecommunity-basedorganisationguanpian灌片由同一个出水口供水的一系列田块，或者由一个社区组织管理的一块灌区。irrigationsystemTheirrigationinfrastructureofwaterintakes,pumpingstations,canalsandguangaixitong灌溉系统 sluicesthatconveysanddistributeswatertoindividualirrigationschemes取水口、泵站、渠道和水闸等灌溉基础设施，用来向各个灌片输水和配水。irrigation,deficitThedifferencebetweenactualirrigationandpotentialevapotranspirationfromcrops;anirrigationstrategywhichoptimisesthenetbenefitofcropproductionperunitwaterbyirrigationthatdoesnotmeetthefullevapotranspirationdemandsofthecropguangaikuique;buchongfenguangai,kuishuiguangai,queshuiguangai灌溉亏缺；不充分灌溉，亏水灌溉，缺水灌溉实际灌溉水量和作物蒸腾能力之间存在的差异；一种通过使灌溉水量不满足作物全部蒸腾需要而将单位水量的作物产量净效益优化的灌溉策略。irrigation,netTheareaofirrigatedagriculturallandthatactuallyreceivesirrigationwaterthroughouttheirrigationseasonshiguan实灌在整个灌溉季节实际灌溉的农业灌溉土地面积。issueAnimportantsubjectorproblem,whichhampersthefunctionofanorganizationoritsabilitytoachieveitsgoals,andrequiresactioninordertobereducedoreliminated.yiti,wenti,nanti议题，问题，难题重要的题目或者困难，妨碍机构的功能或者实现其长期目标的能力，需要采取行动予以缓解或者消除。knowledgebaseThesumofdataandinformationavailablewithinasectoronwhichadecisioncanbemadeorafieldofzhishijichu知识基础 activity,suchaswaterresourcemanagementorwatersupply,takeplace一个行业中可以利用的资料和信息总和，可作为决策或者开展某个领域（例如水资源管理或者供水）的活动的依据。l/prop/hrLitresperpropertyperhour,acommonindicatorforwaterlossesfromanurbandistributionnetworksheng/hu/xiaoshi升/户/小时常用的城市配水管网水损指标。landuseTheprimaryandsecondaryusesofland,suchasforest,agricultural,cultivated,pastureandresidentialland,etc.,whichdescribesthedominantcharacterofageographicareaandtherebyestablishesthetypesofactivitieswhicharemostappropriateandcompatiblewiththepotentialordesignateduseofthelandtudiliyong土地利用土地的直接与间接用途，例如作为林业、农业、栽培、草场、居民用地等，反映了一个地理区域的主要特征，并因此确定了最适合于潜在或者规定的土地用途的活动类型。large-volumeuserAwatercustomer,usuallyindustrialorwholesale,whoseusageissubstantialrelativetootherusers,large-volumeusersmaypresentuniquepeakorotherdemandcharacteristicsyongshuidahu 用水大户与其他用户相比用水量很大的用户，通常为工业用户或批发用户，用水大户可能有独特的用水高峰或其他需求特点。lcdLitrespercapitaperday,acommonsheng/ren/ri升/人/ indicatorforwaterconsumptionusedeitherfordomesticconsumptionaloneorforthegrossconsumptioninawatersupplysystem日常用的反映生活用水或者供水系统总用水量的指标。leakdetectionMethodstoidentifywaterlossesfromdistributionnetworks,fittingsandhouseholdappliancesshenloujiance渗漏检测探测配水管网、设备和家庭器具渗漏的方法。LeastDevelopedCountries(LDC)Countrieswithlowincome,lowqualityoflifeandvulnerableeconomy.IncomeismeasuredbyGDPwhichmustbebelowUSD750,qualityoflifeismeasuredbyanindexbasedonnutrition,health,educationandadultliteracy,whilethevulnerabilityoftheeconomyismeasuredbyinstabilityofagriculturalproductionandexports,theshareofmanufactureandservicesinGDPandcountrysize.50countriesmetallthreemaincriteriain2004.zuibufadaguojia最不发达国家低收入、低生活质量和经济脆弱的国家。收入以国内生产总值衡量，必须低于750美元；生活质量以一个根据营养、健康、教育和成人识字率确定的指标衡量；而经济脆弱性以农业生产和出口的不稳定性、制造业和服务业在国内生产总值中的份额以及国家的大小来衡量。在2004年有50个国家符合所有这三项准则。licenseAuthorizationissuedbyagovernmentagencygivingtherighttousezhizhao执照 waterforbeneficialpurposesundertheconditionsspecifiedinthelicense.Thelicenseisusuallyoflongduration,buttheamountofwatermayvarybyyearorbyseasonaccordingtoavailableresources.Seealsopermit.政府机构提供的有益用水授权证书，用水须按照执照规定的条件进行。执照的有效期限通常较长，但是水量可以按照可以利用的水资源情况逐年或者逐季变化。见许可证。LifeExpectancy(atbirth)Theagethatalivebornchildisexpectedtoreach.InLeastDevelopedCountriesthisageis50yearscomparedwith63yearsforalldevelopingcountriesand71fordevelopedcountries.yuqishouming(xinshengyinger)预期寿命（新生婴儿）新生婴儿预期可达到的寿命。最不发达国家的预期寿命为50岁，而所有发展中国家为63岁，发达国家为71岁。lifespanSeelifetimeshiyongqixian使用期限见lifetime。lifetimeThedurationthatcivilworksaredesignedtobeusefulandsatisfytheirpurpose.Thelifetimeislimitedbyacombinationofphysicaldeteriorationanddevelopmentmakingtheworksinadequateorobsolete.Thelifetimeisusedtocalculatethefinancialandeconomicefficiencyoftheinvestmentintheshiyongqixian使用期限在民用工程设计中规定的工程能够使用并发挥其作用的年限。工程本身会老化，外界条件的变化也会影响工程的适用性或者使其报废，这都限制了工程的使用期限。使用期限用于工程投资的财务、经济效率计算。 works.lineagenciesGovernmentagencieswithauthorityandoperationalresponsibilitywithinspecificsectorssuchasnaturalresourcesmanagement,watersupply,agriculture,industry,energy,ortransporthangye(zhuguan)bumen,zhuanyebumen行业（主管）部门，专业部门在自然资源管理、供水、农业、工业、能源、运输等专门领域行使权力并承担管理责任的政府机构。lobbyingProcessofinfluencinggovernmentpolicyorlegislationyoushui游说影响政府政策的制订或立法的过程。losses(water)Thedifferencebetweentheamountofwaterthatisabstractedfromasourceandtheamountthatisputtobeneficialuse,includingtransmissionlosses,productionlosses,leakagefromthedistributionnetworkandhouseholdinstallationsandinsomecasesalsowatertakenfromillegalconnections.Inirrigationthelossesincludeinfiltrationandevaporationfromcanalsandfields.shuisun水损从某一水源开采的水量和付诸有益使用的水量之间的差值，包括输水损失、生产损失、配水管网和家庭用水器具渗漏，在某些情况下也包括偷用损失。在灌溉方面，水损包括渠道和田间的下渗和蒸发。lowwater-uselandscapingUseofplantspeciesthatareappropriatetoanarea’sclimateandgrowingdiyongshuijingguanjianshe低用水景观建设 conditions,mainlyvegetationforshelterbeltstoreducewinderosionandcombatdesertification种植适合本地区气候和生长条件的植物品种，主要是用于减少风蚀和抗沙漠化的防风林带的植物。mandateTheauthoritywhichformallyhasbeenassignedtoalevelofgovernmentoranorganizationthroughconstitutional,legaloradministrativemeansquanxian,shouquan权限，授权通过宪法、法律或者行政手段正式赋予某一级政府或者某个组织的权力。marketfailureAcommonsituationoccurringinthewatersectorincountrieswherenormalmarketforcesdonotfunctionduetoabuseofthemonopolyonwatersupplyorgovernmentinterventiontorestrictprices,usuallyresultingininadequate,inefficientorexcessivelycostlyservicesshichangshiling市场失灵在由于滥用供水垄断或者政府限价而使正常的市场力量失效的国家里水行业常发生的情况，通常会导致服务质量、效率低下或者成本过高。marketpenetrationTheextenttowhichanewserviceorproductisadoptedbyconsumers.Avillage,forinstance,mayhave200householdswhopotentiallycanconnecttoanewwatersupplysystem,butonly100haveactuallyshichangshentoulü市场渗透率一项新的服务或者产品被消费者接纳的程度。例如，一个村庄可能有200户人家可以连接到一个新的供水系统上，但是只连接了100户，这样市场渗透率就为50%。 connectedgivingamarketpenetrationof50%.marketingTechniqueofsellinggoodsandservices.Seealsosocialmarketing.yingxiao营销销售商品和服务的技巧。见社会营销。mastermeterAlargemeteratapointofdistributiontomultipleuserswhocanbefurthersub-metered,oftenusedinapartmentblocks.zongshuibiao总水表在多用户配水点上安装的大水表，还可以为这些用户进一步安装分水表，常常用于公寓楼。masterplanAdetailedplanforthedevelopmentofasector,subsector,riverbasinorotherwatermanagementarea.Amasterplanoftenprescribesaspecificprogrammeorblueprintfordevelopment,whileanactionplanpresentarangeofdevelopmentoptions.zongtiguihua,guihua总体规划，规划有关行业、子行业、流域或者其它水管理区发展的详细规划。总体规划常常规定明确的开发计划或者蓝图，而行动计划是提出多个开发选择方案。maximum-daydemandThehighestdailyproductionofawatersystemduringayearzuidarixushuiliang最大日需水量供水系统一年中的最高日产水量。mediaCommunicationchannels,suchastelevision,radio,newspapers,magazines,books,films,videos,Internet,etc.meiti媒体交流渠道，例如电视、电台、报纸、杂志、书籍、电影、录像、互联网等。 merchandisingMakinguseofawellknownorpopularpersonorcompanytopromotethesaleofproductsandgoodstuixiao,xiaoshou推销，销售利用名人、公众人物或者公司促进产品、商品的销售。metadataAnentryinadatadirectorydescribingasetoforiginaldata,e.g.whatdataisavailable,theperioditcovers,whereitisstoredandhowtoobtainityuanshuju元数据在数据目录中描述一组原始数据的条目，例如有什么数据、数据覆盖时间，储存地点和如何获取等。metadatabaseAdatabasethatcontainsmetadata,i.e.entrieswhichprovideinformationaboutdatasetsbutdonotcontainthedataitself.Alsocalledadatadirectory.yuanshujuku元数据库包含元数据，即有关数据集信息条目的数据库，但是不包括数据本身。也称为数据目录。meterAninstrumenttomeasureandrecordwaterusebyvolumeshuibiao水表测量、记录用水量的装置。minimumnightflowTheminimumflowintoadiscreteorisolatedsectionofawaterdistributionsystemofawaterduringthenight.Usedbywatercompaniestolocateleakages.zuixiaoyejianliuliang最小夜间流量夜间流入配水系统独立小区的最小流量。供水公司通常用来确定渗漏地点。mitigateReducenegativeimpactsontheenvironmenthuanjie缓解减少对环境的负面影响。modeln.Acopy,usuallyonamoxing模型 smallerscale,ofphysicalstructureusedtoillustrateitsappearance,examineitsstabilityorimpactonthe(water)environment.Computerisedmodelshavetoalargeextentreplacedphysicalmodels.Asimplifiedrepresentationofacomplexsystemusedtosimulateprocessesandfacilitatecalculations,analysisandpredictions,mainlycomputerised.对物理结构的复制，通常采用缩小的尺度，展示其外观，检查其稳定性或者对（水）环境的影响。计算机模型已经在很大程度上取代了物理模型。 对复杂系统的简化表示，用于模拟过程，帮助进行计算、分析和预测，主要是利用计算机进行的。monitoringPeriodicmeasurementofthechangesinthestatusofanaturalsystemorofaprojectusingdifferentindicators,e.g.riverflow,groundwaterlevel,waterqualityorthenumberofoutputsproducedbyaprojectjiance监测对自然系统或者项目状态的变化进行的定期测量，可使用不同的指标，例如河流流量、地下水位、水质或者项目的产出数量等。multilateraldonorAninternationalaidagencythatprovidesloansandgrantsfromfundscontributedbyanumberofcountries.ExamplesaretheAsianDevelopmentBankandduobianyuanzhujigou多边援助机构提供来自多个国家的贷款和赠款的国际援助机构。例如亚洲开发银行和世界银行。 theWorldBank.multipurposereservoirAreservoirplannedandconstructedtoprovidewaterformorethanonepurpose,forexample,irrigation,recreation,floodcontrolandhydropowergenerationzongheliyongshuiku综合利用水库为了多个用水目的（例如灌溉、旅游、防洪和水力发电）规划和建设的水库。naturalflowTheoriginalflowinastreambeforedevelopmentoruseofnaturalresourceswithinthestream’scatchmenttianranshuiliu,tianranliuliang天然水流，天然流量在对流域内自然资源进行开发或者利用之前河流原有的水流。naturalresourcesAnyformofmatterorenergyobtainedfromtheenvironmentthatcontributetohumanneeds,includingland,water,soil,vegetationandrelatedresourcesziranziyuan自然资源取自于环境、满足人类需求的任何形式的物质或者能源，包括土地、水、土壤、植被和相关资源。non-consumptiveuseUseofwaterforpurposesthatdonotresultinreductionoftheamountof(liquid)wateravailablewithinacatchmentorriverbasinwheninterbasintransfersareexcluded.Typicalnon-consumptiveusesarehydropowergeneration,cooling,fishing,aquaculture,boatingandnavigation.Strictlyfeixiaohaoyongshui非消耗用水在没有跨流域调水的情况下不会导致流域内（液态）水的数量减少的用水。一般非消耗用水为水力发电、冷却、捕鱼、水产、水上运动、航运等。如果严格定义，用水很少是完全非消耗性的，例如为了维持航运所需的最低流量可能会产生显著的水库蒸发损失和输水损失。 defined,veryfewwaterusesareentirelynon-consumptive,i.e.theremaybesignificantevaporationlossesfromareservoirandconveyancelossesassociatedwithmaintainingaminimumflowfornavigation.non-householdIndustrialorcommercialwaterusefeijiatingyongshui非家庭用水工业或商业用水。non-pointsourcepollutionWaterpollutionproducedbyland-useactivitiestakingplaceoveralargearea,typicallypesticidesandfertilisersdissolvedinrun-offorinfiltrationanddrainagewaterfromagriculturalland,butalsoacidrain.Alsocalleddiffusepollution.feidianyuanwuran,mianyuanwuran非点源污染，面源污染由大范围的土地利用活动产生的水污染，通常来自农用土地的径流、下渗水或者排水中溶解的农药和肥料，但是也可来自酸雨。也称为面源污染。non-promotionaltariffsTariffsthatdonotencourageadditionalwaterconsumptionbywaterusersfeigulixingshuijia非鼓励性水价不鼓励用户增加用水量的水价。non-residentialcustomerAcommercialorindustrialwatercustomerfeijuminyongshuihu非居民用水户商业或工业用水户。ObjectivelyVerifiableAnindicatorwhichcanbedefinedintermsofkekeguanyanzhengzhibiao Indicator(OVI)quantity,qualityandtime(QQT)orisspecific,measurable,accurate,realisticandtime-bound(SMART)可客观验证指标能够以数量、质量和时间加以定义的或者具体、可度量、准确、符合实际和有时间限制的指标。observationwellAwellusedtomonitorthelevelorqualityofgroundwater,andwhichisnotusedinwatersupplyguancejing观测井用于观测地下水水位或者水质的井，不用于供水。offstreamuseWaterwithdrawnordivertedfromariverorstreamforuseatanotherplacehedaowaiyongshui河道外用水从河流引水在其它地点使用。openwellAshallowholeinthegroundforabstractionofgroundwater.Atthesurfaceitmayhaveacover,wallandsurroundingplatformtoleadexcesswaterawayandprotectagainstpollutionfromactivitiesatthewellkaikoujing开口井在地上打的浅孔，用于开采地下水。在地面可能安装有井盖、围墙和周边平台，以引走多余的水，防止水井处的活动造成污染。optimumuseTheuseofwaterthatachievesthemostdesirablecombinationofsocial,economicandenvironmentalobjectives.zuijiayongshui最佳用水能达到最希望实现的社会、经济与环境综合目标的用水。organicpollutionPlantoranimalmatteroriginatingfromdomestic,agriculturalorindustrialsources;nutrientsleachedfromagriculturalland;youjiwuran有机污染来自生活、农业或者工业的植物或者动物物质；从农用土地流失的营养物质；工业生产的碳氢化合物，例如油或者溶剂, industriallyproducedhydrocarbons,forinstanceoilsorsolvents,dischargedtotheenvironment这些物质排入环境所造成的污染。over-extractionSeeover-abstractionchaocai超采见over-abstraction。over-abstractionGroundwaterabstractionthatoveraperiodexceedsaveragerechargeofthesurroundinggroundwateraquiferandresultsindeclininggroundwaterlevelsoroverashortperiodexceedsthemaximumyieldofaboreholechaocai超采在一定时期内地下水开采量超过周边地下水含水层的平均补给量，导致地下水位下降，或者指地下水开采量在较段时间内超过了一眼井的的最大出水量。oversightMonitoringoftheactivity(ies)ofanorganisationwithpowertoapproveoftheorganisation’sactions;omissionjiandu;shuhu监督；疏忽对组织的活动进行监督，对其行动拥有批准权；遗漏，疏忽。OVIObjectivelyVerifiableIndicator  可客观验证指标的缩写。participatoryapproachAapproachtowaterresourcemanagementinwhichallstakeholdersaregiventheopportunitytoparticipateinthedecision-makingprocesscanyushifangfa,canyushi,canyumoshi参与式方法，参与式，参与模式水资源管理的一种方法，这种方法向所有利益相关者提供参与决策过程的机会。PIMParticipatory  参与式灌溉管理的缩写。 IrrigationManagementparticipatoryirrigationmanagement(PIM)Asystemformanagementofirrigationsystemswhererepresentativesoftheirrigators,landownerandresponsiblegovernmentagenciesjointlymakedecisionsonsignificantaspectsofwaterdelivery,croppingsystemsorfinancialmanagementcanyushiguangaiguanli参与式灌溉管理一种灌溉系统管理制度，在这个制度中由灌溉者、土地所有者和政府负责机构的代表联合对供水、耕作制度或者财务安排等重要问题作出决定。peakdemandThehighestdemandthatoccursinawatersupplysystemeitherhourly,daily,weekly,monthlyoryearly;alsothehighesttotalwaterusageinasystem,measuredonanhourlyandadailybasis.zuidaxuqiuliang,jianfengxushuiliang最大需求量，尖峰需水量对供水系统每小时、日、周、月或年的最高需水量。也指供水系统每小时、每天的最大用水量。ppcpercapitaconsumption,seelitrepercapitaperday  人均用水量的缩写，见升/人/日。litrespercapitaperdayAcommonindicatorforwaterconsumptionusedeitherfordomesticconsumptionaloneorforthegrossconsumptioninawatersupplysystemsheng/ren/ri升/人/日表示生活用水量或者供水系统总用水量的常用指标。per-capitaresidentialuseTotaldomesticwaterusedividedbythetotalpopulationrenjunshenghuoyongshuiliang人均生活用水量生活用水总量除以用水总人口，通常以升/人/日为单位。 served,commonlyreportedaslitrespercapitaperday(lcd)per-capitauseTotalwateruseinasystemdividedbythetotalpopulationserved,commonlyreportedaslitrespercapitaperday(lcd)renjunyongshuiliang人均用水量供水系统的总用水量除以用水总人口，通常以升/人/日为单位。performanceindicatorAnindicatorusedtomeasuretowhatextentthegoalorobjectivesofaprojecthavebeenachievedastheresultoftheimplementationoftheprojectjixiaozhibiao绩效指标用于衡量通过项目的实施在多大程度上实现了其长期或者近期目标的指标。permitAnauthorizationissuedbyanapprovedagencytousewaterorothernaturalresourcesforaspecificpurpose,mainlyusedforshorttermactivitiesunderenvironmentallegislation,e.g.apermittoabstractwaterordischargewastewaterofspecificquantityandqualityoveraspecificperiod.Comparewithlicense.xukezheng许可证由规定的机构发放的准许为特定目的而使用水或者其他自然资源的授权文件，主要用于根据环境法规开展的短期活动，例如在一定时期内开采或者排放特定数量和质量的水或者污水的许可证。比较执照。pesticideChemicalsintendedtoprotectcropsandtreesfrominfectionsbyfungi,attacksbyinsectsorcompetitionshachongji,nongyao杀虫剂，农药用于保护作物、树木不受真菌感染、害虫侵袭、野草或者其它有害植物的竞争影响的药剂。 fromweedsorotherunwantedplantsplanningAdvanceprioritisationandallocationofscarceresources(natural,financial,organisational,human)toprogrammes,projectsorspecificpurposesandaccompanyingschedulingofprojectactivitiesguihua,jihuan规划，计划针对计划、项目或者具体目标对稀缺资源（自然资源、资金、组织、人力）预先进行优先排序和分配，并且对项目活动作出相应安排。planningcycleAcontinuousprocessofplanning,implementation,reviewofresultsandupdatingoftheplanningtoreflectthenewsituationarisingfromprojectimplementationaswellaschangesnotresultingfromtheprojectguihuazhouqi,jihuazhouqi规划周期，计划周期制订规划、实施规划、审查结果以及对规划进行修改以反映项目实施中出现的新情况以及并非由项目产生的变化的连续过程。projectcycleAsystematicandcontinuousprocessofprojectpreparation,implementationandevaluationcomprisingprojectidentification,feasibilitystudyorotherpreparation,appraisalandapproval,implementationandmonitoring,operationxiangmuzhouqi项目周期对项目进行准备、实施项目并对项目进行评价的系统的、连续的过程，包括项目识别、可行性研究或者其他项目准备工作、项目审批、项目实施与监测、项目的运行与监测、项目评价、确定需要进一步开展的工作或者推广、扩大项目的可能性。 andmonitoring,evaluationandidentificationofneedforfurtherworkorpotentialforreplicationorup-scalingplumbingPipingfordistributionofwaterinsideabuildingguandaosheshi(shebei,xitong),shuiguanzhuangzhi管道设施（设备，系统），水管装置建筑物内部的配水管道pointsourcepollutionPollutionoriginatingfromspecificandstationarylocations,e.g.wastewaterdischargedfromasewerorindustrialoutfalldianyuanwuran点源污染来自具体固定地点的污染，例如从下水道或者工业排水口排出的污水。policiesStatementsexpressingtheprinciplesandrulesforactionstoachievethegoalsofacountryoranorganisationandguidingtheworkofitsofficialsandstaff.Nationalpoliciesaremadeoperationalinnationalstrategiesoractionplansandimplementedintheprogrammesoflineministries.zhengce政策体现为使行动实现国家或组织的长期目标所需遵循的原则与规则、并对其官员与职员的工作起指导作用的陈述。国家的政策通过国家战略或者行动计划付诸实施，并具体落实在各个专业部委的计划中。policyframeworkThesetofbroadpoliciesthatguidetheactivitiesofacountryorzhengcekuangjia政策框架指导国家或组织的基本政策的集合， organization,andwithwhichitsstrategiesandprogramsneedtobeconsistent国家或组织的战略和计划需要与政策框架保持一致。politicalwillAdetermineddecision,conclusionorchoicebypersonswithpoliticalauthoritytoachievespecificgoalsandobjectivesirrespectiveoftheriskthattheimplementationprocessmayrequireintermediatedecisionsorhavenegativeimpactsthatwillbeunpopularintheshortterm,e.g.improvingwatersupplythroughfullcostrecoveryalthoughthisrequirespriceincreases.Lackof“politicalwill”totakeunpopulardecisionisoftensaidtobeoneofthemainobstaclestodevelopmentandthemainreasonforthefailureofmanydevelopmentprogrammesandplans.zhengzhiyiyuan政治意愿政治权威人士为实现特定的长远目标和近期目标所作出的坚定的决策、结论或者抉择，不考虑是否存在在其执行过程中可能需要作出中间决定或者执行过程会在短期内产生不受欢迎的影响之类的风险，例如虽然需要涨价也要实行全成本回收来改善供水。缺少作出不受欢迎的决策的“政治意愿”常常被认为是发展的主要障碍之一，也是许多发展计划、规划失败的主要原因。electorateAgroupofpeopleorageographicareashavingtherighttoelectonemembertoapoliticalbodyxuanmin;xuanqu 选民，选区具有向一政治团体选举一个成员权利的人群或者地理区域。 constituencyThegroupofpeopleorthegeographicareawhichhaselectedamemberofapoliticalbodyandwhoseintereststhismemberisobligedtopromotexuanmin;xuanqu选民，选区选举了某一政治团体成员的人群或者地理区域，该成员有责任维护他们的利益。pollutantAnysubstanceintroducedintotheenvironmentasresultofhumanactivitythatadverselyaffectstheusefulnessofanaturalresourceorthehealthofhumans,animalsorecosystemswuranwu污染物由于人类活动而进入环境的任何对自然资源的利用价值或者人类、动物或生态系统健康产生不利影响的物质。pollutionThepresenceofasubstanceintheenvironmentthatbecauseofitsquantityorpropertieshasanegativeimpactonnaturalprocesses,lifeorlivingconditionswuran污染由于其数量或者性质对自然过程、生命或者生存条件产生不良影响的物质在环境中的出现。potentialbasinuseThemaximumratioofconsumptivewaterusetoavailablewaterresourcesinariverbasinthatcanbesustainedovertimewithoutdetrimentalimpactonwaterecologyandwaterrelatedenvironments,seealsosafeyieldqianzailiuyuyongshuiliang潜在流域用水量能够长期维持而不对水生态和与水有关的环境产生不利影响的流域内消耗性用水量与可利用水资源量的最大比率。见安全产水量。povertylineThepercapitaincomeorequivalentfoodpinkunxian贫困线 productionthatahouseholdmusthaveinordertoprovideitsmemberswithsufficientfood,clothesandshelter.WorldBankappliesageneralglobalpovertylineofUSD100percapitaperyear.Individualcountriesmayapplydifferentpovertylinesforregions,urbanandruralareasandtoidentifypeoplelivinginacutepoverty.一个家庭为了为其成员提供足够的食物、服装和住所所必须具有的人均收入或者等价的粮食产量。世界银行以每年人均100美元作为全球通用的贫困线。各个国家对不同的地区、城市和农村可以采用不同的贫困线，并确定赤贫人口。acutepovertyHouseholdswithinsufficientincomeorequivalentfoodproductiontomeetthebasicneedsoffoodchipin赤贫收入或者粮食产量不足以满足基本粮食需求的家庭。precautionaryprinciplePrincipleintroducedinAgenda21onEnvironmentandDevelopmentanddefinedasfollows:"Wheretherearethreatsofseriousorirreversibledamage(totheenvironment),lackoffullscientificcertaintyshallnotbeusedasareasonforpostponingcost-effectivemeasurestopreventenvironmentaldegradation"yufangyuanze预防原则环境与发展21世纪议程采纳的原则，其定义是“在可能出现严重的或者不可逆转的环境破坏威胁的情况下，缺少充分的科学把握不应当成为推迟采用成本有效的防止环境恶化措施的理由”。 pressurereductionReducingthepressureofwaterinawatertransmissionordistributionsystemusingvalvesorpressurebreaktanksinordertoprotectpipes,fittingsandconnectionsagainstruptureandleakageduetoexcesspressurejianya减压利用阀门或者减压箱减少输水或者配水系统中的水压，以防止因为压力过高导致管道、管件、接头发生破裂或者渗漏。pressureregulatorAdevicetolimitwater-pressureshuiyatiaojieqi水压调节器限制水压的装置。primarydataDataobtaineddirectlybyobservationormeasurement,comparewithsecondarydatayuanshiziliao,yuanshishuju,diyishouziliao(shuju)原始资料，原始数据，第一手资料（数据）指通过直接观测、测量获得的资料，比较二手资料。primarypumpsupplyAmountofwaterthatcanbedivertedorpumpedwithexistinginfrastructureyuanyougongshuiliang原有供水量使用当前的基础设施能引取或抽取的水量。proactiveTakingactiontoaddressanissuesbeforeitdevelopsintoaproblem,comparewithreactivezhudongde,jijide主动的，积极的在问题变得严重之前就采取行动解决问题，与被动的比较。reactiveWaitingforissuestobecomeurgentordevelopintoconcreteproblemsbeforetakingactiontoaddressthem,comparewithproactivebeidongde被动的在问题变得紧迫或者成为具体的问题后才采取行动解决问题，比较主动的。proceduren.Awellestablishedorprescribedmethodorchengxu,shouxu程序，手续 seriesofactivitiestoanalyseanissueorassessanapplicationandissuealegaldocument,e.g.awaterabstractionlicense明确规定的一种方法或者一系列活动，用于分析问题或者对一项申请进行评估并发放法律文件，例如取水执照。processn.Amethodorseriesofactionstoproducearesultormanufactureaproduct;aseriesofchemicalreactionsguocheng过程为获得某个结果或者制造某个产品而采用的一种方法或者采取的一系列行动；一系列化学反应。processconsultancyAssistingandguidinganorganisationtodevelopprograms,procedures,plansandprojectsthatwillhelptheorganisationachieveitsgoal,ratherthanproducingtheresultsfortheorganisationguochengzixun过程咨询协助、指导一个组织开发或者制订计划、程序、规划和项目，以帮助该组织实现其长期目标，而不是为该组织产生结果。processindicatorIndicatortomonitorwhethertheprocessesandproceduressupportedbyaprojectleadtotheintendedresultsinatimelyandcost-efficientmannerguochengzhibiao过程指标用于监测项目支持的过程或者程序是否及时并成本有效地产生预期结果的指标。productionlossesCleanwaterusedforbackwashingoffiltersatwatertreatmentplantsshengchansunshi生产损失在水处理厂中反洗过滤池使用的清洁水。productionwellAwellusedforabstractionofwatershengchanjing生产井用于采水的水井productivityNumber,amountorvalueofproductsorshuifenshengchanlü,yong servicesproducedperunitofwaterconsumedshuishengchanlü,shuishengchanli水分生产率，用水生产率，水生产力消费一个单位水量所提供的产品和服务的数量或者价值。programorprogrammeAsetofrelatedprojectsorservicesdirectedtowardsthesamegoal;aplan,scheduleorprocedureforprojectimplementationjihua计划具有相同长期目标的一组相互有关的项目或者服务；项目实施的方案、日程或者程序。progressindicatorIndicatorwhichtrackswhetherprojectactivitiesareundertakenanddelivertheexpectedoutputsontimejinduzhibiao,jinzhanzhibiao进度指标，进展指标用于跟踪项目活动是否按时进行并提交预期成果的指标projectAwelldefinedandplannedprocessdesignedtoproducespecificresultswithinagivenbudgetandaspecificperiodoftime,alsousedfortheresultinginfrastructureorcivilworksxiangmu;gongcheng项目，工程为在既定的预算和时间内产生特定结果而明确设计、规划的过程；建成的基础设施或者土木工程promotionEncouragingachangeofbehaviour,e.g.increaseduseofwatertoimprovehealth,hygieneandsanitationorwaterconservationorwatersavinginareaswithinadequatewaterresourcesxuanchuan,tuiguang,cujin宣传，推广，促进鼓励行为转变，例如增加用水以改善健康、个人卫生和环境卫生，或者在水资源短缺地区开展节水。propertyrightLegallygrantedandprotectedclaims,chanquan产权 entitlementsandrelatedobligationstotakepossessionofland,waterorotherscarceresourcesandtoputthemtobeneficialuse法律规定授予、并受到法律保护的拥有土地、水或者其它稀缺资源并对其进行有益利用的权利和相关义务。proprietarywaterrightLegalownershipofanareaofwaterorlandandtheaccompanyingrightoftheownertoabstract,useorsellthewater,includingwaterwhichoccurswithinorunderthelandorflowsthroughsuchland.Iscontroversialbecausetheabstractionandusemaylimitsimilarrightsofadjacentordownstreamowners,seewaterright.caichanshuiquan,yezhushuiquan财产水权，业主水权一块水域或者土地的法定所有权以及业主附带的可以开采、使用或者出售该水源的权利，包括在该土地上、土地下所产生的水以及流经该土地的水。对此权力存在争议，因为开采和使用该土地的水可能会限制邻近或者下游业主所拥有的类似的权利，见水权。usufructarywaterrightTherighttouseandenjoythebenefitsofwaterthatbelongstoorismanagedbythestateandaccompanyingobligationstousethewaterefficientlyandprotectitagainstpollution,seewaterright.yongyishuiquan用益水权使用属于国家或者由国家管理的水并享有其效益的权利以及伴随的有效地利用水并防止它遭受污染的义务，见水权。riparianwaterrightTherightofthosewholivealongariverorlakeorownadjacentlandtoaccess,useorwithdrawwaterfromthatriverorlake,seeanbianshuiquan岸边水权居住在河边或湖边，或者拥有与之相邻的土地的人接近、使用和提取河水或者湖水的权利，见水权。 waterrightcustomarywaterrightTherighttoaccess,useorwithdrawwatergrantedbytraditionalauthorityinaccordancewithsocialnorms,seewaterrightxiguanshuiquan,xisushuiquan习惯水权，习俗水权由传统权力依照社会规范授予的接近、使用或者提取水的权利，见水权。rightofpriorappropriationAprincipleforallocationoftherighttousewaterwhichstatesthat,whilenoonemayownthewaterinastream,theperson,companyorgovernmentagencywhichinpracticewasfirsttousethewatershallbegivenprioritywhentherighttousewaterforbeneficialpurposesisallocated,seewaterrightyouxianzhanyongquan优先占用权一种水的使用权分配原则，这个原则规定，任何人都不能拥有河流中的水，而在事实上首先使用水的人、公司或者政府机构在有益用水权的分配中应当具有优先权，见水权。tradablewaterrightAwaterrightthatissufficientlywelldefinedinapermitorlicensethatitcanbeassignedavalueandtradedinawatermarketkejiaoyishuiquan可交易水权在许可证或者执照中明确规定、可以在水市场中赋予价值并进行交易的水权。waterrightLegalrighttoaccess,useorwithdrawwaterforbeneficialuseinaspecifiedvolume,ataspecifiedlocationorwithinaspecifiedtimeframe.Forexample,allshuiquan水权在特定时间、特定地点接近、使用或者开采 householdsofacommunitymayhaverightstodrawwaterfordomesticpurposes,animalownersmayhavetherighttowatertheirherdsorflocksatcertainplaces,farmerswhoinvestedinbuildinganirrigationsystemmayhaverightstodivertwaterfortheircrops(alluserights),whilethevillagecommunity,irrigators’association,orthestatemayhavetherighttodecideonthetimingofwateruse,changestotheriver,andgrantingofpermissiontonewusers(proprietaryrights).Seealsocustomary,proprietary,riparianandusufructarywaterrightsandrightsofpriorappropriation.特定数量的水用于有益用途的法定权利。例如，一个社区的所有家庭可以有权取用生活用水，牲畜所有者有权在一地点为其牲畜喂水，投资建设了灌溉系统的农民有权引水灌溉作物（都是使用权），而村庄、灌溉者协会或者国家有权决定用水的时间、河流的改造和向新用户发放许可证等事宜（产权）。见习惯水权、财产水权、岸边水权、用益水权和优先占用水权。protocolAformalprocedureorsetofproceduresforinteractionbetweengovernmentsoramonggovernmentagenciesxieyi,guicheng协议，规程有关政府或者政府机构之间相互关系的正规程序。publicawarenessThegenerallevelofawarenessthatmembersofthepublichaveaboutissuesthatgongzhongyishi公众意识公众成员对影响他们的问题的总体认识水平。 affectthempublicrelationsThecommunicationfromacompanytocustomers,e.g.informationfromawatercompanyonwatertariffsandtheuseofwaterchargesfordifferentpurposes.gonggongguanxi公共关系公司与用户的沟通，例如自来水公司提供有关水价和水费用于不同用途的信息。rainwaterharvestingEffortstoincreasetheamountofrainfallthatiscapturedandstoredforlateruse.Usuallyrefershouseholdcollectionofrun-offfromroofsinrainwatertanksorjarsforuseasdrinkingwaterorforcooking,ortobuildingofsmalldykesacrossvalleysinordertoretainwaterinfieldsorincreasegroundwaterrecharge.yushuishouji雨水收集增加雨水的截获和存储数量以供将来使用的措施。通常指家庭采取的以雨水池或者水瓮采集屋顶雨水用于饮用或者做饭，或者在山谷中兴建小型水坝以保持田间的水或者增加地下水补给。rationingRestrictionsonwater-useduringdroughtorotheremergencyconditionsxianepeishui限额配水在干旱或其它紧急情况下采用的用水限制措施。rawwaterUntreatedwateryuanshui,shengshui,weijiagongshui,weichulishui,weijinghuashui原水，生水，未加工水，未处理水，未净化水未经处理的水。recharge,Refillingofadixiashuibu groundwatergroundwateraquiferbyinfiltrationandpercolationofwaterfromthesurfacethroughtheunsaturatedzonetotheaquiferji,dixiashuihuibu地下水补给，地下水回补地表水通过不饱和带入渗到地下水含水层，使含水层得到补充。recyclingReuseofwaterinanindustrialprocesschongfuyongshui重复用水在工业生产过程中对水进行重复利用。regulatevbTobringwaterabstraction,use,watersupplyorwastewaterdischargeintoconformitywitharule,principleorlegislation;toadjustorcontroltheflowofwateraccordingtodifferentpurposessuchasirrigation,floodorsalinitycontroltiaokong,guanzhi,tiaojie调控，管制，调节 使水的开采、使用、供水或者污水排放遵守规则、原则或者法律；按照不同的目的（例如灌溉、防洪或者控制盐分）对水流进行调整或者控制。regulationn.Agovernmentorministerialorderhavingtheforceoflaw;theactorprocessofregulating;tocontrolreservoirdischargeorriverflowtomatchdownstreamwaterdemandsandusefagui,tiaoli,guizhang,guanzhi,tiaojie法规，条例，规章；管制；调节具有法律效力的政府或者部级行政命令；管制的行为或者过程；控制水库放水或者河流流量以满足下游的需水和用水要求。regulatorGovernmentagencydefiningandmonitoringtheoperatingconditionsofcompaniesdoingbusinessinthewatertiaokongbumen,guanzhijigou调控部门，管制机构 sectorwhenthesecompaniesenjoyamonopolywithoutregulationbymarketforces,mainlyusedtoregulatetheservicesofprivatewatersupplycompaniesbutmayalsotowaterresourcesmanagementandotherwaterservices,seeregulatory为水行业的从事垄断性经营、不受市场力量约束的公司规定经营条件并对之进行监督的政府机构，主要用来对私营供水公司的服务进行管制，但是也对水资源管理和其他水务服务进行管制，见管制的。regulatoryGovernmentpowerstoformulateregulationsandstandardsthatgovernmentagency,privatesectorcompaniesandindividualsmustcomplywithintheirworkandoperationsinthewatersector,tocontroltheallowableimpactofactivitiesontheenvironment,tomonitorcompliancetheregulationsandstandards,andtotakeactionsonviolations.Withinthewaterresourcessectorregulatorypowersmayconcernsurfaceorgroundwaterabstraction,wateruse,waterquality,wastewaterdischarge,wellconstruction,damsafety,landuseontiaokongde,guanzhide调控的，管制的政府在制定水行业政府机构、私营公司和个人在工作和经营中都必须遵守的规章与标准、控制各种活动对环境产生的允许影响、监督对规章与标准的遵守情况以及对违规行为采取措施等方面的权力。在水资源行业中管制权力可以涉及地表水和地下水的开采、用水、水质、污水排放、凿井、水坝安全、河流滩地与河道内的土地利用等方面。在水务服务领域，也包括水价、服务水平、利润、财力以及基础设施维护质量等。 riverfloodplainsandinchannels,etc.Withinwaterservicestheymayincludewaterprices,tariffs,servicelevels,profits,financialstrengthandqualityofinfrastructuremaintenance.regulatoryinstrumentsMeansofinfluencingthebehaviourofwaterusersandotherpeoplebyrules,regulationsandlaws,e.g.progressiveblocktariffstocurbhighwaterusetiaokongshouduan调控手段利用制度、规章和法律影响用水户和其他群体行为的手段，例如利用阶梯水价控制大用水量。relevanceThedegreetowhichthegoalandpurposeofaprojectareorremainsignificantinrelationtotheneedsanddemandsthatoriginallymotivatedtheprojectxiangguanxing相关性项目的长期、近期目标对项目原设计所针对的需求具有意义的程度。renewablewaterresourcesTheportionofannualrainfallthatentersintostreamsorrechargesgroundwatertobeavailableforusekegengxinshuiziyuan,zaishengshuiziyuan可更新水资源，再生水资源年降水中流入河流或补给地下水可供利用的部分。reservoirAnartificialwaterbodyusedtostorewaterforlateruse,ortoregulateorcontroltheflowofwatershuiku水库用来蓄水以供将来使用或者对水流进行调节或控制的人工水域。 resourcebaseThesumofhumanresourcesavailableinasectorincludinggraduateandskilledstaffziyuandishu,ziyuanjichu资源底数，资源基础一个行业可利用的人力资源总和，包括毕业生和熟练职员。resourcedevelopmentcostsThecostsofdevelopingawaterresourceforbeneficialuse,e.g.constructingareservoir,waterintake,groundwaterwellandassociatedtransmissionsystemsshuiziyuankaifafeiyong水资源开发费用开发水资源用于有益用途的费用，例如建设水库、取水口、地下水水井以及配套的输水系统。resourcedevelopmentplanAplanforthewatersector,asub-sector,ariverbasinorotherwatermanagementareathatdescribesarangeofoptionstoincreasetheamountofwateravailableforbeneficialuse.Alsoknownasamasterplanoractionplan.Comparewithwaterresourcemanagementplan.shuiziyuankaifaguihua水资源开发规划通常是为水行业、子行业、流域或者其他水管理区制订的说明增加有益用水可利用水量多种选择方案的规划。也称为总体规划或者行动规划。比较水资源管理规划。resourcemanagementplanAplanforthewatersector,asub-sector,ariverbasinorotherwatermanagementareathatdescribesoptionsformanagingandconservingtheavailablewaterresources.Comparewithwaterresourceshuiziyuanguanliguihua水资源管理规划为水行业、子行业、流域或者其他水管理区制订的说明水资源管理和保护多种选择方案的规划。比较水资源开发规划。 developmentplan.responsibilityBeingrequiredtoundertakesomeactionandhavingauthoritytodecidehowandwhentotaketheaction.Generallyusedwhentheaccountablepersonororganizationmaynotdelegatetheactualexecutionoftheaction(s)toanotherpersonororganization.Comparewithaccountability.zeren,zhize责任，职责被要求采取某些行动并有权决定如何和何时采取行动。本术语通常用于承担责任的人或者组织不可以将行动的实际执行委托给另一个人或组织的情况。比较绩效责任。retrofitReplaceorupgradeexistingwaterinstallations,fixturesorwater-usingappliancesinordertoimprovetheiroperationalefficiencygengxin更新更换或者改进现有供水装置、设备或者用水器具以改善其运行效率。reuseofwaterBeneficialuseofwastewatereitherdirectlyorupontreatmentshuidezailiyong水的再利用直接或者经处理后对废水进行有益利用。revenue-producingwaterWaterthatismeteredandpaidforshoushuiliang售水量经过计量并被买走的水量。riparianRelatedtoariver,typicallyusedforthestatesorlandownerswhohavetheformalorinformalrighttolandalongariverheande河岸的与河流有关的，通常指对沿河土地拥有正式或非正式权利的州或者土地业主。 ripariancountryAcountrywithterritoryalongoneorbothbanksofaparticularriveryanheguojia沿河国家其领土位于某条河流的一岸或者两岸的国家。riparianzoneAriverandthelandandvegetationonitsbanksaffectedbytheriverheandai河岸带河流及其岸边的对其产生影响的土地和植被。riskAmeasureoftheprobabilitythatdamagetolife,health,property,and/ortheenvironmentwilloccurasaresultofagivenactionorhazardfengxian风险作为某种行动或者危害的结果而使生命、健康、财产或环境受到损害的概率指标。riskassessmentQualitativeandquantitativeevaluationoftheriskposedtohumanhealthand/ortheenvironmentbyvariousactionsorhazardsfengxianpingjia风险评价定性、定量评价各种行动或者危害给人类健康或环境带来的风险。riverbasinAgeographicareafromwhichwaterviastreamsandriverdrainsintoaninlandlakeortheseathroughasinglepointoradelta.Commonlyusedforlargehydrologicalunitswhilesmallerunitsmaybedescribedassub-basin,catchmentsorwatersheds.Canbedelineatedonmapsorterrainmodelsbyliuyu流域一种地理区域，该区域产生的水经由河流通过一点或者三角洲汇入内陆湖泊或者海洋。一般指较大的水文单元，而把较小的水文单元称为子流域，或者catchment、watershed（中文一般也译成流域–译者注）。可以在地图上或者地形模型上连接分割两个区域之间的最高点或者山脊来划分流域。 tracingalinealongthehighestpointsorridgesthatseparatetwoareas.riverbasinorganizationAnorganizationspecificallyestablishedbygovernmenttoplanand/ormanagethedevelopment,useandprotectionofwaterresourceswithinariverbasinliuyujigou流域机构政府专门成立的负责对流域水资源的开发、利用与保护进行规划、管理的组织。riverbasinplanAplanforthedevelopment,useandmanagementofthewaterresourcesofariverbasinliuyuguihua流域规划流域水资源的开发、利用和管理的规划。riverbasinprofileAbriefdocumentthatpresentsthestatusofwaterresourcesandtheiruse,thepolicyandinstitutionalframeworkwithinwhichwaterresourcesmanagementisundertaken,andthemajorissuesforwaterresourcesmanagementanddevelopmentinariverbasinliuyugaikuang流域概况对流域的水资源及其利用状况、水资源管理的政策、机构框架以及水资源管理和开发的主要问题进行简要描述的文件。riverhealthAtermdescribingtheoverallstatusofwaterqualityandphysicalconditionofthewaterenvironmentinaparticularheliujiankang河流健康描述特定河段水环境的水质与自然条件总体状况的术语。 stretchofriverroadedcatchmentAnareawhichhasbeenlevelled,compactedandpossiblyalsosealedwiththepurposeofreducinginfiltrationintothegroundandincreasingrainfallrunofflumianhuajishuiqu路面化集水区经过平整、压实的一块地面，也可以进行封闭，目的是减少下渗，增加降水径流。rotationwateringIrrigationbysequentialsupplyofwatertofarmsaccordingtoafixedschedulelunguan轮灌以按照确定的日程对农田轮流供水灌溉。run-offThepartofprecipitation,snowmeltorirrigationwaterthatrunsoffthelandintostreamsorothersurfacewatersjingliu径流降水、融雪或者灌溉用水中流出土地进入河流或者其它地表水体的部分。ruraldevelopmentThebroadspectrumofparalleleffortstosupportsocio-economicdevelopmentofruralareas,e.g.improvedaccesstowater,education,healthfacilitiesormarketsbyconstructionofsmallscaleruralinfrastructureforwatersupply,sanitation,irrigationandlocaltransportationnongcunfazhan农村发展为支持农村社会经济发展而同时开展的内容广泛的活动，例如通过建设小型的农村供水、环境卫生、灌溉和地方运输设施来改善供水、教育、卫生服务或者市场条件。safeyieldThemaximumamountofanquanchan waterthatreliablycanbewithdrawnfromasourcewithoutlong-termdeteriorationofqualityorquantity.Usuallydefinedasthefrequencyofaspecificflowinariver,theaverageabstractionandrechargeofgroundwaterorthemaximumdrawdownofanindividualborehole.shuiliang安全产水量能够从某一水源可靠开采、而不会使该水源的水质或水量出现长期恶化的最大水量。通常是根据河流特定流量的频率、地下水含水层平均开采量与补给量或者单个井孔最大水位下降深度确定的。safetynetsActivitiesthataredesignedtoimprovethequalityoflifeofthemostvulnerableordisadvantagedsegmentofthepopulation,whoareunabletoparticipateinorbenefitfromnormalgovernmentprogrammes,orthosewhosufferfromexternalshockssuchasdroughtorfloodinganquanwang安全网以改善人口中不能参与常规的政府计划或者从中获益的最弱势群体、或者那些遭受干旱、洪水之类外部灾害的群体的生活质量为目的的活动。salineintrusionTheinvasionofseawaterintoriversindeltasandestuariesduringtidalmovementsorasresultofreductionofriverflow,orintofreshwateraquifersincoastalareaswhenrechargefromthesurfaceisreduced,orxianshuiruqin咸水入侵在三角洲及河口地区潮汐运动或河流流量减少导致海水侵入河流，在沿海地区来自地表水的补给减少导致海水侵入地下谈水含水层，或者从井孔高强度抽水导致深层地下咸水上升侵入浅层地下水含水层。 theup-wellingofdeepsalinegroundwaterintoshallowgroundwateraquifersasresultofheavypumpingfromaboreholesalinisationSalineintrusionorthechemicalprecipitationandbuildupofsaltsinthesurfacesoilofirrigatedlandduetoacombinationofinadequateirrigationandhighevaporationyanhua,yanzihua盐化，盐渍化咸水入侵或者由于灌溉不充分、蒸发强度大而造成盐份在灌溉土地的表层土壤中化学沉淀和积累。sanitationHygienicdisposalofwastewaterandexcretahuanjingweisheng环境卫生污水、排泄物的卫生处理。saturatedzoneLayersofsoils,sedimentsandrocksinwhichthepores,voidsorfracturesaresaturatedbywaterbaohedai饱和带由土壤、泥沙和岩石组成的、其孔隙与裂缝被水充满的地层。scarcity,economicSituationwithsufficientwaterresourcestomeetdemandbutinsufficientfundstoconstructthenecessaryinfrastructureforabstraction,storageanddistributionofwaterjingjixingqueshui经济型缺水有足够的水源来满足用水需求，但是缺乏足够的资金建设必要的基础设施来开采、储存和分配水。scarcity,physicalSituationwithinsufficientwaterresourcestomeetziyuanxingqueshui资源型缺水甚至在用水效率最高的情况下水资源也不能满足需求。 waterdemandsevenatthehighestefficiencyofwaterusescenarioDescriptionofapossiblefuturesituationandthedecisions,interventionsandcourseofeventsnecessarytoreachthissituation.Alternativescenariosmaybeusedinstrategicplanningtoanalyseandillustratethecostsandconsequencesofdifferentoptionsfordevelopmentandcorrespondingrequirementstomanagementofwaterresources.qingjing情景对未来的可能情况以及为了实现这种情况所需要做出的决定、干预和事态的发展所作的描述。在战略规划中可以利用不同的情景分析和说明水资源管理不同开发方案的费用和结果以及相应的要求。seasonalrateAwatertariffwithunitpricesthatvaryaccordingtothewaterscarcityofdifferentseasonsjijiexingshuijia季节性水价一种水价结构，单位价格随不同季节水资源的稀缺情况而变化。secondarydataDatathateitherhavebeenacquiredfrompublishedsourcesorproducedbyconsolidation,combinationorotherprocessingofdata,asopposedtodataacquiredfromdirectobservationorershouziliao二手资料从已经公布的资料来源获得、或者通过对资料进行整理、综合或以其他方式加工而获得的资料，而不是通过直接观测或测量得来的。 measurement.sectorPartofthesocio-economicactivitiesinacountry,suchasthewatersector,thehealthsector,theenergysector,etc.hangye行业国家社会经济活动的一部分，例如水行业、卫生行业、能源行业等等。selectivemeteringMeteringofhouseholdsinselectiveareasorofspecifictypesofindustryxuanzexingyongshuijiliang选择性用水计量对选定区域内的家庭用水户或者对特定工业类型进行用水计量。serviceproviderAperson,groupororganizationthatprovidesservicestoconsumers.Usedinthewatersectorforthoseinvolvedinwaterservicesdelivery.fuwutigongzhe服务提供者向消费者提供服务的个人、团体或者组织。在水资源管理领域指水务服务的提供者serviceareaThegeographicareaservedbyawatercompanyfuwuqu服务区供水公司服务的地理区域。serviceterritoryseeserviceareafuwuqu服务区见servicearea。servicesAllwaterrelatedservicesprovidedtocustomersorbeneficiariesbygovernment,semi-government,customerorbeneficiary-ownedandprivatesectorentities.Theseincludewell-definedservicessuchasurbanwatersupply,fuwu服务由政府、准政府、消费者 stormwaterdrainage,wastewatercollection,treatmentanddischarge,irrigation,drainageofagriculturalland,aswellasbulkwatersupplyandfloodcontrol.Itmayalsoincludelesscommonservicessuchaswater-relatedrecreationandtourism./受益者所有的以及私营机构向消费者或受益者提供的与水有关的服务。这些服务包括城市供水、暴雨排水、污水的收集、处理和排放、灌溉、农村土地排水以及批量供水和防洪等内容明确的服务。也可以包括象与水有关的娱乐、旅游等不那么常见的服务。sewageLiquidorwaterbornewastecollectedandtransportedbysewerswushui污水通过下水道收集和输送的液态或者水载废物。seweragePipedsystemsforcollection,removalanddisposalofsewageandsurfacewaterrunoffxiashuidao,paishuixitong(shebei)下水道，排水系统（设备）用于收集、清除和处理污水和地表水径流的管道系统。shallowwellAshallowholeinthegroundwithlargediameterrelativetodepth,usedforabstractionofgroundwaterandusuallyexcavatedmanuallyqianjing浅井在地面上开挖的的浅孔，其口径对于深度相对较大，用于开采地下水，通常是手工开挖。socialimpactassessmentAsystematicanalysisofthesocialaspectsofaprojecttoensurethatthesocialconsequenceshavebeenconsideredwithproposalsformitigationofshehuiyingxiangpingjia社会影响评价对项目的社会因素进行的系统分析，以保证项目的社会后果已经得到了考虑，并提出了减少确认的负面影响的建议。 identifiednegativeimpactssocialmarketresearchAsystematicprocessofinvestigationandcollaborationwithtargetcommunitiestofindoutwhattheyneed,doandwant,inordertoobtainessentialinformationforprogrammeorprojectdesignshehuishichangdiaocha社会市场调查对目标社区进行调查并与之协作的系统过程，目的是了解社区需要什么，在做什么和想要什么，从而为计划或者项目的设计提供基本的信息。socialmarketingUseofcommercialmarketingapproachestopromoteconsumerinvestmentinsocialservicessuchaswatersupplyorsanitationoradoptnewhygieneandsanitationhabits.shehuiyingxiao社会营销使用商业营销方法促使用户对供水、环境卫生这样的社会服务事业投资或者养成新的个人卫生和环境卫生习惯。socio-economicRelatingtothesocial,demographicandeconomicinteractionsofindividualsorcommunitiesshehuijingjide社会经济的关于个人或社区的社会、人口和经济相互关系的。sourcemeterAmeterusedtorecordwaterwithdrawnfromasurfacewaterorgroundwatersource,orpurchasedfromabulkwatersuppliershuiyuanshuibiao水源水表用来记录从地表或地下水源抽取或从水批发商中购买水量的水表。source-of-supplyFacilitiesusedtoabstractand/orstorerawwaterpriortotransmission,treatmentandjishuishuiyuan给水水源在输水、水处理和配水之前用来开采、储存原水的设施。 distributionsovereigntyTherightofnationalgovernmentstomanageandusewaterresourcesthatoriginateinorpassthroughtheirnationalterritoryastheyseefit.Ininternationalriverbasinstheco-operationonmanagementofsharedwaterresourcesisofparamountimportanceforgovernmentsvoluntarilytoacceptlimitationsontheirsovereigntyoverwater.zhuquan主权各国政府按照他们认为适当的方式对发源于或流经该国境内的水资源进行管理和使用的权利。对于国际流域，为使各国政府自愿接受对其水资源主权的限制，极为重要的是对共有水资源的管理开展合作。stakeholdersOrganisations,groupsandindividualswhoshareinterestsinawaterresourceanditsuseasshareholders,managers,serviceproviders,beneficiariesorusersliyixiangguanzhe利益相关者以股东、管理者、服务提供者、受益者或者用户等身份在某个水资源及其利用中分享利益的组织、团体和个人。stewardshipWaterresourcesstewardshipcomprisesthebroadcareanddevelopmentofwaterresourcesonbehalfofandforthemaximumsustainablebenefittoallofthenation"scitizens.Forthegovernment,thisentailspolicyformulation,kanguanzhezhize看管者职责 resourcesplanning,regulatorymeasuresandbasicdatacollection,analysisanddissemination.Thestewardshipfunctionsprovidetheframeworkforthebeneficialuseofwaterandwaterrelatedservices.水资源看管者的职责包括代表全体国民并为他们最大的可持续利益对水资源进行全面的管护与开发。对政府来说，这包括制定政策，进行水资源规划、采取管制措施并进行基本资料的搜集、分析与发布。看管者职责为水的有益利用和与水有关的服务提供了框架。storageToretainwaterforlateruseorformitigationofflooding.Includestraditionalmeanssuchassmalltanksandlargeorsmallreservoirs,aswellasstorageingroundwateraquifers.Storageisusedtobalancethewatersupplyonallscalesfromhouseholdusetoriverflowoveraperiodoftimerangingfromhoursanddaystoseasonsandyears.xushui蓄水储存水以备将来使用或者减轻洪水灾害。包括水池、大、小水库等传统设施，也包括在地下含水层蓄水。蓄水可用于在各种尺度上（从家庭用水到河道径流）使供水在一定的时期里保持均衡，从数小时、数天到数个季节以至数年。strategicplanAplanproducedinastrategicplanningprocesszhanlueguihua战略规划通过战略规划过程产生的规划。strategicplanningStrategicplanningisamanagementtoolusedtodevelopthefundamentalvaluesofanorganisationwhichguidewhatitshoulddo.Strategicplanninghelpstoensurethatzhidingzhanlueguihua制订战略规划 membersoftheorganisationworktowardthesamegoals,andtoassessandadjustthedirectionoftheorganizationinresponsetoachangingenvironment.制订战略规划是一种管理手段，用于帮助一个组织开发指导其行为的基本价值。制订战略规划可保证组织的成员为共同的目标努力，根据变化的环境对组织的方向进行评估和调整。strategyIntegrationofthemajorgoalsandpoliciesofagovernment,sectorororganisationintoanoperationalprogrammeorsetofcoordinatedplanszhanlue战略将政府、行业或者组织的主要长期目标和政策综合成一个工作计划或者一组协调的计划。sub-basinThecatchmentofamajortributarytoalargeriverziliuyu子流域大江大河主要支流的流域。sub-meteringMeteringofindividualhouseholdsorothercustomerunitssuppliedfromasinglelargeserviceconnection,suchasapartmentswithinanapartmentbuildingfenbiaojiliang分表计量对由较大接管供水的单个用户或者其他用户单元（例如公寓楼里的住宅）进行用水计量。subsectorAmorespecificsubdivisionofasector.Thewatersectorisoftendividedintosub-sectorssuchaswatersupplyandsanitation,irrigationanddrainage,hydropowerzihangye子行业一个行业更专门的分支。水行业通常分成供水和环境卫生、灌溉与排水、水电等子行业。 andsoon.subsidenceSlowloweringofthelandsurfacecausedbydrainageofwetlandsorheavygroundwaterpumpingwhichdrainsdepositsofclayororganicmattercausingthesoilstructuretocollapsedimianchenjiang地面沉降由于湿地排水或者大量的地下水开采将黏土沉积物或者有机物排走造成土壤结构塌陷而引起的地面缓慢下沉。supplymanagementMeasuresthatawaterutilityappliestoimprovetheefficiencyofproduction,transmission,anddistributionfacilitiesgongshuiguanli供水管理水务公司采用的旨在提高水的生产、输送、分配设施工作效率的措施。supplypipeThelengthofservicepipefromadistributionsystemtoacustomerthatlieswithinprivatepropertyandistheresponsibilityoftheownerofthepropertyjishuiguan给水管连接配水管网与用户的、位于私人房地产内的入户管道部分，该房地产业主对这部分管道负责。supply-sidedevelopmentDevelopingthecapacityofinfrastructureofwatersources,treatmentplants,anddistributionsystemstoincreasewatersupplygongfangkuozhang供方扩张扩大水源、处理厂和配水系统的基础设施能力，以增加供水。surchargeAspecialchargeonawaterbillusedtorecovercostsassociatedwithafujiafei附加费水费帐单上的一项 particularactivitysuchassourcedevelopmentorsystemexpansion特殊收费，用来回收开发水源或者扩大系统之类的特定活动的费用。surfacewaterWaterinstreams,rivers,naturallakes,wetlandsandartificialreservoirsdibiaoshui地表水河流、天然湖泊、湿地和人工水库中的水。suspendedsolidsSmallparticlesorcolloidsthataresuspendedinwaterxuanfuguti悬浮固体水中悬浮的小颗粒或者胶体。sustainabilityTheabilityofanaturalsystemororganisationtomaintainitsfunctionsanddeliveritsserviceswithoutoutsidesupportkechixuxing可持续性自然系统或者组织在没有外界支持的情况下维持其功能及发挥其作用的能力。sustainabledevelopmentAdevelopmentprocessinwhichtheuseofnaturalresourcesmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.FirstdefinedintheBrundtlandReport.kechixufazhan可持续发展自然资源的利用在不会危及后代满足其需要能力的前提下满足当前需要的发展过程。在布伦特兰报告中首次提出这个定义。system(water)Interconnectedwaterconveyanceandstoragefacilitiesownedandoperatedbyawaterutility,someutilitiesoperatemultiplewatersystemsgongshuixitong供水系统一个供水公司拥有和管理的相互连接的输水、蓄水设施，某些公司同时管理多个供水系统。 targetgroupThespecificgroupofpeoplewhodirectlywillbenefitfromaprojectmubiaoqunti,mubiaorenqun目标群体，目标人群将直接从项目受益的特定群体。tariffThescheduleofunitpricesandotherchargescollectedbyawaterorwastewaterutilityjiamubiao价目表供水或者污水公司收取的单位价格和其他收费表。territorialintegrityTheprinciplethattheresourcesavailabletoacountrycannotbealteredbytheactionsofanothercountrylingtuwanzheng领土完整一个国家的可利用资源不得被另一个国家的行动所改变的原则。testboreAwelldrilledtoexploreforgroundwaterandtestthecharacteristicsoftheaquifershijing试井为查勘地下水和检测含水层特征而钻的井。TNATrainingNeedsAssessmentpeixunxuqiupingjia培训需求评价培训需求评价的缩写toiletflapperValveinatoilettankorcisternthatcontrolsflushingcesuoshuixiangfa厕所水箱阀控制冲水的厕所水箱阀门。toilettankdisplacementdeviceAbrick,plasticbagorotherbodyinstalledinoldtoilettanksorcisternstosavewaterbyreducingtheflushvolumecesuoshuixiangpaishuiwu厕所水箱排水物安装在厕所水箱里用来减少冲水量的砖头、塑料袋或其他物体。totalcatchmentmanagementManagingthelandandwaterresourcesofacatchmentinaholisticmannerandusingaparticipatoryquanliuyuguanli全流域管理以统一的方式并采用参与式方法进行流域的土地和水资源管理。 approachtotallossesThesumofwaterlossesfromawatercompanydistributionsystem,customersupplypipesandgeneraldomesticleakagezongshuisun总水损供水公司配水系统、客户给水管道和一般家庭漏水的水损总和。trading(water)Buyingandsellingoftherightstowaterinaninformalmarketoraformalgovernmentregulatedmarketsupportedbyawaterpermittingorlicensingprogramshuiquanjiaoyi水权交易在非正式的市场上或者在以取水许可或执照计划为依托、由政府监管的正式市场上买卖水权。traditionalknowledgeTheknowledgeofnaturalecosystemsaccumulatedinindigenousorlocalcommunities,andexpressedinthespirituallife,cultureandlanguageofthepeople,andwhichispassedtosuccessivegenerationsthroughstories,songs,dancesandmythstoensurethesurvivalofthepeopleandtheintegrityofthesocio-economicsystemsofthepeople.Traditionalknowledgeisbasedonpracticality,reasoningandlogicofhistoricalexperiences,andchuantongzhishi传统知识在土著或者地方社区中累积的以民族的精神生活、文化和语言来表达的有关自然生态系统的知识，这些知识通过故事、歌曲、舞蹈和神话代代相传，以保证民族的生存及其社会经济系统的完整。传统的知识以历史经验的实践性、理性和逻辑为基础，为自然资源的管理以及以尊重的态度使用与分享自然资源提供指导。 providesguidelinesforgovernanceandtherespectfuluseandsharingofnaturalresources.TrainingNeedsAssessmentAsystematicassessmentofthequalificationsandskillsthatanorganisationandindividualshouldhavetofulfilitsroleandofthetrainingrequiredtoobtainthesepeixunxuqiupingjia培训需求评价对组织和个人为发挥其作用所需要的资质和技能以及为获得它们所需要进行的培训进行系统的评价。transboundaryCrossingsomeadministrativeboundary,usuallyaninternationalboundary,asintransboundaryriverbasinskuajie,kuabianjie跨界，跨边界跨过某些行政边界，通常是国际边界，如跨界流域。transferablewaterrightAwaterrightthatissufficientlywelldefinedtobetransferredfromonepermitholdertoanotherwithorwithoutpaymentorothercompensationkezhuanrangshuiquan可转让水权定义明确、可以有偿或者无偿从一个许可证持有者转移给另一个持有者的水权。transfers(water)Diversionofwaterfromoneriverbasinorcatchmenttoanotherdiaoshui调水从一个流域向另一个流域引水。transmissionmainsLargediameterpipesusedtotransportrawwaterfromasourcetoshushuiganxian输水干线 atreatmentplantortreatedwaterfromthetreatmentplanttothemainbranchesofadistributionsystem把原水从水源地输送到水处理厂或者把净化水从水处理厂输送到配水系统主要支管的大口径管道。treatedwaterWatertreatedtomeetdrinkingwaterqualitystandardsjinghuashui,zhongshui净化水，中水处理过的符合饮用水质量标准的水。treatmentcostsThecostsassociatedwiththetreatmentofwaterjinghuachengben净化成本对水进行处理的成本。ultra-low-flushtoiletAtoiletthatuses6litresorlessperflush,adoptedasindustrystandardsinceyear2000chaodiliangchongshuimatong超低量冲水马桶每次冲水量不超过6升的马桶，2000年以来采用为工业标准。unaccountedforwaterThevolumeoftreatedwaterthatislostfromdistributionsystemsbyleakageorillegalconnections,i.e.whichcannotbeaccountedforbysales,internaluseforbackwashingandmeteredsalesweijiliangshui未计量水 由于配水管网渗漏和非法用水而损失掉的净化水量，即未包括在售水量、内部回洗用水量和计量售水量中的水量。UfWunaccounted-for-water  未计量水的缩写。universalmeteringMeteringofallwaterconnectionspubianzhuangbiao普遍装表对所有给水接管都进行计量。unmeteredwaterWaterthatisdeliveredtocustomersbutnotmeasuredforaccountingandbillingpurposesweijiliangshui未计量水提供给用户但是没有进行计量来入帐和计费的水量。 unsaturatedzoneZonenearthesurfacewherethepores,voidsorfracturesofsoils,sedimentsandrocksarefilledpartiallybywaterandpartiallybyairfeibaohedai非饱和带土壤、泥沙和岩石的孔隙与裂缝部分被水、部分被空气填充的靠近地表的岩层。usablewatersupplyTheportionofrenewablewaterresourcesthatcanbeexploitedifalltechnicallyandeconomicallyfeasiblestorageanddiversionstructuresarebuiltkeliyonggongshui可利用供水所有技术、经济方面可行的蓄水、输水设施建成后可以开发利用的那部分可更新水资源。wateruserightTherighttousewateraccordingtospecificconditionssuchastime,location,duration,priorityandperiodofvalidity,whichusuallyarestipulatedinawaterpermit.Comparewithproprietarywaterrightyongshuiquan用水权根据有关时间、地点、历时、优先序和有效期等具体条件用水的权利，通常是在取水许可证中规定这些条件。比较财产水权。usufructuarywaterrightsSeewateruserightyongyishuiquan用益水权见用水权。userclassSeecustomerclassyonghuleibie用户类别参看customerclass。utilitycompanyGeneraltermforacompanywhichprovideswater,wastewaterorotherpublicservicesirrespectiveofitsownership,butmainlyusedforcompanieswhichareownedbygongyongshiyegongsi公用事业公司负责供水、污水和其它公共服务的公司统称，不论其所有权如何，但是主要指由政府所有、具有独立的管理结构和帐户的公司。 governmentbuthaveindependentmanagementstructureandaccountsvariablechargeTheportionofawaterbillthatvariesaccordingtothevolumeofdeliveredwaterkebianshuifei可变水费水费账单中随供水量而变化的部分。variablecostCostsassociatedwithdeliveryofwaterservicesthatvarywiththeamountofwaterproducedorsoldkebianchengben可变成本与供水服务相关的成本，随产水量或售水量变化。virtualwaterWaterincorporatedinaproductincludingwaterusedforproductionandproductprocessing.Usedtoassessandillustratethemeritsofimportingagriculturalproductstowaterscarceareasordevelopingandusingthescarcewaterresourcestoproducethemlocally.Forexample,1kilogramofwheatcontainsapproximately1,000litresofvirtualwater.xunishui虚拟水产品中包含的水量，包括生产和产品加工用水。用于评价和说明向水资源短缺地区输入农业产品或者利用稀缺水资源在当地生产农业产品的优缺点。例如：1公斤的小麦大约包含1000升虚拟水。visionAstatementdescribingthedesirablesituationorconditionofaregion,riverzhanwang展望对一个地区、流域或者组织的理想状况的描述。 basinororganisationwasteWastedwater(e.g.leakage);theliquidorsolidby-productsfromhouseholdsorindustrialprocessesthatneedtobedisposedoflangfei;feiwu浪费，废物浪费的水（如渗漏）；家庭或者工业生产过程产生的需要处理的液态或者固态副产品。wasteminimizationThereductionofwastebytheadoptionofmoreefficientandcleanerproductiontechnologiesfeiwuzuishaohua废物最少化采用更高效和清洁的技术来减少废物。wastewaterWaterthathasbeen“used”byhouseholdandindustryandupondischargecontainsdissolvedorsuspendedmatterormicro-organismsinconcentrationsthatrestrictthereuseofthewaterwushui,feishui污水，废水家庭、工业使用过的水，在排放时含有的溶解、悬浮物质或者微生物的浓度限制了水的重新使用。waterallocationDecidingtheamountsofwaterinahydrologicalsystemtobemadeavailabletodifferentpurposes,usersorsectors,e.g.domesticwatersupply,environment,industry,irrigation,etc.andtheprioritiesamongdifferentusesincaseofwatershortageshuifenpei水分配将一个水文系统的水量分配给不同的用途、用户或者行业，例如生活供水、环境、工业、灌溉等等，并决定在出现缺水的情况下不同用途之间水分配的优先顺序。 wateravailabilityTheamountofwaterinawatermanagementareathatoveragivenperiodoftimeisavailableforallocationtovariousbeneficialuseskeliyongshuiliang可利用水量一个水管理区在特定时期内可用来分配给各种有益用水的水量。waterclosetToiletthatcanbeflushedbywaterfromacisternorvalveonthewatersystemchoushuimatong抽水马桶利用水箱或者水管上的阀门冲水的马桶。waterconservationActionstoimprovetheefficiencyofretention,storage,conveyance,distributionoruseofwater,mainlyusedforconservationonlargescaleinariverbasin,comparedwithsmallscalewatersavingmeasuresbysub-sectorsorindividualhouseholds.jieshui,shuibao,shuibaochi,shuiziyuanbaohu节水，水保，水保持，水源保护改善水的保持、存储、输送、分配或使用效率的行动，与子行业或者单个家庭的小规模节水措施相比，主要指一个流域内的大规模节水。waterconservationawarenessAnunderstandingofwaterconservationandwatersavingissuesthatresultsinachangeofattitudeandbehaviourtousingwaterjieshuiyishi节水意识导致用水态度和行为转变的对节水问题的认识。watersavingmeasuresInstallations,appliancesoractionsbywaterutilitiesorusersthatcontributetosavingwater,e.g.leakagecontrol,lowjieshuicuoshi节水措施水务公司或者用水户采用的有助于节水的设施、器具或者采取的行动，例如控制渗漏、低水量冲水马桶等。 flushtoilets,etc.watersavingspromotionEncouragingpeopleororganisationstoadoptwatersavingpracticesinthehouseholdorworkplacejieshuixuanchuan节水宣传鼓励人们或组织在家庭、工作场所采取节水措施。watersavingsocietyAsocietyinwhichallpeopleareawareoftheimportancetoconservewaterresourcesandusewaterwiselyandefficientlyandactaccordinglyjieshuixingshehui节水型社会在一个社会中所有的人都认识到节约水资源、合理、高效用水的重要性，并相应地采取行动。waterconsumedWaterthatescapesahydrologicalsystembyevaporationorisremovedbyincorporationintoplants,animalsorindustrialproductshaoshuiliang,haoshui耗水量，耗水通过蒸发脱离水文系统或者进入到植物、动物或者工业产品中而被带走的水。watercrisisAsituationwithwidespreadandchroniclackofaccesstoadequatewaterresourcesforthebasicneedsofsafedrinkingwater,hygienicsanitationandfoodproduction,resultinginhighincidenceofwater-relateddiseases,famine,destructionofwetlandsanddegradationofwaterqualityinriversandshuiweiji水危机大范围、长期地缺乏足够的水资源来满足安全饮用水、卫生和粮食生产的基本需要，导致多发与水有关的疾病、饥荒、湿地破坏、河流和湖泊水质恶化。 lakeswatercycleThenaturalcycleofwaterfromevaporationtotheatmosphere,condensationandreturntotheearthsurfaceasprecipitation,infiltrationintosoilandpercolationtostorageingroundwateraquifers,undergroundflowtospringsorareasofdiffuseseepagetothesurface,run-offthroughstreamsandriverstostorageinlakesandseas,andrenewedevaporationtotheatmosphere.shuixunhuan水循环水的自然循环：水通过蒸发进入大气，凝结成水，以降水的形式回到陆地上，渗入土壤并进入地下含水层，通过地下径流形成泉水或者或扩散渗流溢出地表，以河川径流形式注入湖泊和海洋，再次通过蒸发进入大气。waterdeliveredWaterdeliveredtoacustomeratthelimitofthedistributionsystemthatthewatercompanyisresponsiblefor,usuallyatawatermetergongyingshuiliang,shushuiliang供应水量，输水量在供水公司负责的配水系统的边界向用户供应的水量，通常是在安装水表之处。waterdemandTheestimatedpresentorprojectedfuturerequirementsofwaterforparticularbeneficialuse,suchasdomesticwatersupply,industry,irrigation,cooling,etc.,includingalsoenvironmentaldemandstomaintainorimprovexushui,shuixuqiu需水，水需求对生活供水、工业、灌溉、冷却之类的特定有益用水需求的现状进行的估算或者对其未来需求进行的预测，越来越多地也把维持或者改善与水有关的生态环境质量的环境需水包括在内。 thequalityofwaterrelatedecologicalenvironmentswaterentitlementTheamountofwaterthatmaybeputtobeneficialuseunderawaterrightshouquanshuiliang授权水量根据水权可以用于有益用水的水量。waterlicensingTheadministrativeprocessofissuing,registeringandkeepingrecordsoflicensesthatconferwaterrights,andmonitoringofcompliancewiththeconditionsofthoselicensesshuiquanzhizhaodefafang水权执照的发放发放、登记和记录水权执照，并对遵守执照条款情况进行监督的管理过程。watermanagementareaAriverbasin,catchmentorothergeographicunitofficiallydesignatedforplanningandmanagementofwatershuiguanliqu水管理区官方规定的作为水资源规划和管理单元的流域、集水区或者其它地理单元。watermarketAregulatedoropensystemwherebyaholderofwaterrightsisallowedtosell,leaseorotherwiseexchangethoserightsinaclosedmarketregulatedbygovernmentoranopenmarketregulatedbysupplyanddemandshuishichang水市场允许水权持有者在政府管制的封闭市场上或者在受供求关系调节的开放市场上出售、出租或以其它方式交换水权的受管制的或者开放的制度。waterqualityAtermusedtodescribethechemical,physicalandbiologicalshuizhi水质 characteristicsofwater,usuallyinrelationtoitssuitabilityforaparticularbeneficialuseorasindicatorofhumanimpactonthewaterenvironment用于描述水的化学、物理和生物特征的术语，通常是关系到水对特定有益用途的适用性，或者作为人类对水环境影响的指标。waterresourceAnyoftheentirerangeofnaturalwatersthatoccurontheEarth,regardlessoftheirstate(i.e.,vapour,liquid,orsolid)andthatareofpotentialusetohumans.Ofthese,theresourcesmostreadilyavailableforusearethewatersoftheoceans,rivers,andlakes,whileotheravailablewaterresourcesincludegroundwater,deepsubsurfacewaters,glaciersandpermanentsnowfields.shuiziyuan水资源地球上发生的对人类具有潜在用途的全部天然水体中的任何水体，不论其状态（即气态、液态或固态）如何。其中最便于利用的水资源是海洋、河流和湖泊中的水体，其它可利用的水资源包括地下水和深层地下水、冰川和永久性积雪。waterresourceassessmentAnexaminationoftheoccurrence,quantityandqualityofwaterwithinariverbasinorotherhydrologicalunit,oftencomparedwiththeprojectedfuturedemandsontheresourcebydifferentsectors.Mayincludepredictionsonthereliabilityoftheavailableresourcesshuiziyuanpingjia水资源评价对流域或其他水文单元中水的蕴藏、数量和质量进行检查，常常与不同行业对该资源的未来需求预测进行比较。可以包括根据历史资料或者未来气候变化或水资源开发的情景确定的可利用资源量可靠性进行的预测。 basedonhistoricaldataorscenariosforfuturechangesinclimateordevelopmentofthewaterresourcewaterresourceconservancySeewaterresourceconservation;insomeChinesedocumentsequivalenttoWaterResourcesManagementshuili水利见水资源节约保护；在某些中国文件相当于“水资源管理”。waterresourceconservationEfficientwaterresourcesmanagementandutilisationattheriverbasinlevel,includingwatershedprotection,reservoirstorage,waterallocationandtransfersshuiziyuanjieyue,shuiziyuanbaohu水资源节约，水资源保护在流域层次上对水资源的高效管理和使用，包括流域保护、水库蓄水、水分配和输水。waterresourcedemandmanagementAdministrativeandeconomicmeasuresandincentivesusedtoreducethedemandonwaterresourcesinorderbettertomatchconsumptionanddemandswithavailableresources,e.g.waterresourcesabstractionfeesandwastewaterdischargefeesshuiziyuanxuqiuguanli水资源需求管理为减少对水资源的需求、更好地以可利用水资源满足对水的消耗与需求而采取的行政、经济和激励措施，例如收取水资源取水费、排污费等。waterresourcedevelopmentActivitiesaimedatincreasingthewaterresourcesavailableforexploitationandusewithinariverbasin,mainlyusedforconstructionoflargeshuiziyuankaifa水资源开发为增加流域内水资源可开发利用数量的各种活动，主要指水坝、引水工程或跨流域调水工程等大型基础设施建设。 scaleinfrastructuresuchasdams,diversionsorinter-basintransferswaterresourceinfrastructureInfrastructure,mainlylargescale,thatisusedintheexploitationormanagementofwaterresourcesshuiziyuanjichusheshi水资源基础设施用于水资源的开发或管理的基础设施，主要是大型设施。waterresourcemanagementActivitiesthataddressthefullscopeofwaterresourcesandprovidebenefitstoavarietyofwaterusersorwaterusesectors.Theseactivitiesincludewaterresourceassessment,planning,regulation,monitoringandcontrolofwaterabstractionandwaterquality,floodcontrol,managementofmultipurposeworks,andsimilarfunctions.shuiziyuanguanli水资源管理针对水资源所有领域并使各种用水者或用水行业受益的活动。这些活动包括水资源评价、规划、对水资源开采和水质的管制、监督和控制、防洪、综合利用工程的管理以及类似的职能。waterresourceplanningAsystematicprocesstoassessthephysical,economic,socialandenvironmentaldimensionsofwateruse.Theprocessanalysesandquantifiestheavailablewaterresourcesandtheanticipatedfutureshuiziyuanguihua水资源规划对用水的自然、社会、经济和环境因素进行评价的系统过程。该过程评价和量化水资源的可利用量，预测对水资源的未来需求，对不同的子行业进行水分配，估算开发水资源需要的投资，评价水资源的开发和利用对水资源和与水有关的环境的影响。 demandsuponthoseresources,assignswatertodifferentsub-sectors,estimatestheinvestmentneededtodeveloptheresourcesandassessestheimpactthatdevelopmentandusewillhaveontheresourcesandwater-relatedenvironments.waterresourcesectorAllfunctionsandactivitiesthatconcerntheinvestigation,managementanduseofwaterresources,aswellasthefacilitiesforstorage,andtransmissionofwatertobulkusers.shuiziyuanhangye水资源行业所有与水资源的调查、管理和利用以及为批量用水户蓄水和输水的设施有关的功能和活动。watersectorprofileAdocumentthatpresentsabriefdescriptionofthestatusofanation’swaterresourcesandwaterusage,thepolicyandinstitutionalframeworkofthewatersector,andthemajorissuestobeaddressedinwaterresourcesmanagementandwaterservicesdeliveryshuihangyegaikuang水行业概况简要介绍国家的水资源和用水状况、水行业政策和机构框架以及水资源管理和水务服务面临主要问题的文件。watersectorAnationalframeworkshuihangye strategyforriverbasinandsubsectoralprogrammingandplanningofwaterresourcesconservation,developmentandusageinharmonywithnationalgoalsandpolicieszhanlue水行业战略为制订流域和子行业的水资源保护、开发和利用计划与规划所提供的、与国家长期目标和政策相一致的国家级框架。waterservicedeliveryWaterserviceswithinindividualwaterusesectorssuchasdomesticwatersupply,sanitation,irrigationanddrainage,industrialwatersupplyandhydropowershuiwufuwu水务服务各个用水行业中的水务服务，例如生活供水、环境卫生、灌溉与排水、工业供水以及水电。waterstressAnindicatorofshortageofwaterinsatisfactoryquantityorqualitytomeethumanneedswithinageographicareaorhydrologicalunit.Maybemeasuredinabsolute(m3/capita/year)orrelativeterms(wateruseorwaterdemandaspercentageofavailableresources)shuijinque水紧缺表示在一个地理区域或者水文单元内缺少数量或质量合格的水来满足人类需求的指标。可以采用绝对值（立方米/人/年）或者相对值（用水量或者需水量占可利用资源量的百分比）来衡量。watersubsidiesGovernmentfundsthatdirectlyorindirectlycoverpartofthecostsofmakingwaterservicesavailabletoshuiwubuzhu,shuiwubutie水务补助，水务补贴政府提供的资金，以直接或间接回收向用户提供水务服务的部分成本。 userswatersupplyconservationEfficientmanagementanduseoftreatedandpipedwaterinanurbandistributionsystemgongshuidejieyue供水的节约高效率地管理和使用城市配水系统的净化管道水。watertradingTheprocessofbuyingandsellingwaterrightsorwaterentitlementsinawatermarket.Notethatitisthewaterrightsandnotthewateritselfthatistraded.shuijiaoyi水交易在水市场上买卖水权或者授权水量的过程。要注意的是交易对象是水权，而不是水本身。wateruseThebroadspectrumofthebeneficialuseofwaterbydifferentsectors,includingtheconsumptiveuseindomesticwatersupplyandagricultureandnon-consumptiveuseforaquaculture,coolingwaterandnavigation,andtheoff-streamuseforirrigationandpipedwatersupplyandthein-streamuseforhydropowerandassimilationofwastewaterdischarge.yongshui用水不同行业对水的各种有益使用，包括生活供水和农业中的消耗性用水和水产、冷却和航运中的非消耗性用水、灌溉和管道供水的河道外用水以及水电和接纳污水排放的河道内用水。waterwithdrawnWaterabstractedordivertedfromstreams,rivers,lakesandgroundwateraquifersqushui,qushuiliang取水，取水量从河流、湖泊和地下含水层中开采或引走的水。 watershedThelandareainwhichwaterdrainstoaparticularstream,riverorlake.Commonlyusedfortheareadrainingtoatributariesintheupperpartofamajorriverbasin;inNorthAmericaalsousedformajorriverbasinsliuyu,xiaoliuyu,fenshuiling流域，小流域，分水岭向特定河流或者湖泊排水的陆地区域。通常指大流域上游支流的流域；在北美也指大流域。watershedmanagementActivitiesthatcontributetoprotection,conservationandstabilisationoflandandwaterresourcesintheupperpartofacatchment,suchasafforestation,terracingandcontourplantingwhichretardandreducerunoffandsoilerosionandincreasegroundwaterrechargeliuyuzhili,xiaoliuyuzhili流域治理，小流域治理在支流流域上游开展的有助于土地和水资源的保护、节约和稳定的活动，例如造林、建设梯田和等高种植，这些措施可以迟滞和减少径流与土壤侵蚀，增加地下水补给。weatherThecompositeconditionofthenearearthatmosphere,whichincludestemperature,barometricpressure,wind,humidity,clouds,andprecipitation.Weathervariationsoveralongperiodcreatetheclimate.tianqi天气近地大气的综合状态，包括温度、气压、风、湿度、云与降水。天气的长期变化称为气候。 wellAbored,drilledoradugholeinthegroundforinvestigationorabstractionofgroundwatershuijing水井以地下水的查勘或者开采为目的、通过钻孔或开挖方式在地上打的孔。wetlandLowlyingareaswithhydrophilicvegetationandsubjecttoseasonalorpermanentwater-loggingorflooding,suchasmarsh,fen,peatland,bog,floodplain,mudflatsoradeltashidi湿地长有亲水植物并季节性或永久性被水淹没的低洼地带，例如：沼泽地、泥炭地、洪泛区、泥滩或三角洲。wholesalewaterWatersoldorpurchasedforresalepurposespifashui批发水为转售而买卖的水。WorldWaterCouncilAglobalwaterpolicythinktankestablishedin1996asaneutral,non-profit,non-politicalandindependentforumtoadvocate,assistandadvisegovernmentsandinternationalorganisationsonglobalwaterissuesshijieshuilishihui世界水理事会1996年成立的一个全球水政策思想库，作为中立、非赢利性、非政治性的独立论坛，为各国政府和国际组织就解决全球水问题提供支持、协助与咨询。WorldWaterForumAmajorinternationalconferenceandexhibitionorganisedeverythreeyearsbytheWorldWaterCouncil.Held1997inMarrakech,Morocco,2000intheHague,theNetherlands,2003inshijieshuiluntan世界水论坛由世界水理事会每三年组织一次的大型国际会议和展览活动。1997年在摩洛哥的马拉喀什、2000年在荷兰的海牙、2003年在日本京都举行。 KyotoJapanand2006inMexicodemanddrivenDevelopmentthatisdrivenbythedemandsofwaterusersandoftentakesplaceattheirowninitiativewithorwithoutgovernmentsupportxuqiuqudongde需求驱动的由用户的需求推动的发展，常常是由用户自己主动进行的，可能有政府的支持，也可能没有。demandresponsiveDevelopmentassistanceorgovernmentprogrammesandprojectsthataredesignedinresponsetodemandsexpressedbybeneficiariesandoftenimplementedusingaparticipatoryapproachxuqiuxiangyingde需求响应的根据受益者表示的需要而确定的开发援助或者政府计划及项目，常常采用参与式方法实施。supplydrivenDevelopmentthatisdesignedinaccordancewiththeperceivedneedsofbeneficiariesandoftenimplementedbywaterserviceproviderswithlimitedornoparticipationbybeneficiariesgongfangqudongde供方驱动的根据对受益者需求的理解而确定的发展，常常由水务服务提供者实施，受益者有限制地或者没有参与。blackwaterWastewaterthatcontainssanitarywastefromtoiletsorurinals.Seealsogreywater.heishui黑水包含马桶或者小便池污水的厕所污水，见灰水。greywaterWastewaterfrombathing,showering,handwashingandcookingthatdoesnothuishui灰水不包含马桶、小便池污水的沐浴、淋浴、洗手用过的污水。见黑水。 containsanitarywastefromtoiletsorurinals.Seealsoblackwater.yieldThequantityofwaterthatitistechnicallypossibletoabstractfromasurfaceorgroundwatersource.Comparewithsafeyieldchanshuiliang产水量从技术上可以从地表或者地下水源开采的水量，比较安全采水量。AWWAAmericanWaterWorksAssociation,umbrellaorganisationofwatercompaniesintheUSAadvocatingandprotectingtherightsofmembersandpromotingexchangeofexperiencesmeizhoushuichangxiehui美洲水厂协会为美国水务公司的联合组织，其宗旨是维护组织成员的权利，促进经验交流。BODBiochemicalOxygenDemandshenghuaxuyangliang生化需氧量 BOD5  5d生化需氧量 BOTBuild,OperateandTransfer,apublic-privatepartnershiporcontractforaprivatecompanytobuildspecificinfrastructure,operateitforaspecificperiodtorecovertheinvestmentcostsandthentransfertotheclientjiangshe–yunxing–zhuanrang建设-运行-转让，为一种政府-私营部门伙伴关系或者合同，由私营公司建设具体的基础设施，经营一个特定的时期回收投资费用，然后将设施无偿转交给客户。 freeofchargeCODChemicalOxygenDemandhuaxuexuyangliang化学需氧量 DFIDDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment,Britishgovernmentdepartmentresponsiblefordeliveryandadministrationofofficialdevelopmentassistanceyingguoguojifazhanbu英国国际发展部为英国政府负责提供、管理官方开发援助的部门。DODissolvedoxygenrongjieyang溶解氧 DRADemand-ResponsiveApproachxuqiuxiangyingfangfa需求响应方法 ECEuropeanCommission,theadministrativeunitprovidingtechnicalsupporttotheCounciloftheEuropeanUnionouzhouweiyuanhui欧洲委员会为欧盟理事会提供技术支持的行政机构。EIAEnvironmentalImpactAssessmenthuanjingyingxiangpingjia环境影响评价 EPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhuanjingbaohuju环境保护局  ESCAPEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(UN)yataijingjiyushehuiweiyuanhui亚太经济与社会委员会（联合国）   EUEuropeanUnion,thepoliticalunionofEuropeanStatesouzhoulianmeng欧洲联盟，欧洲国家的政治联盟 FAOFoodandAgricultureOrganisationliangshiyunongyezuzhi粮食与农业组织 GISGeographicInformationSystemdilixinxixitong地理信息系统 GWPGlobalWaterPartnershipquanqiushuihuoban全球水伙伴 HRDHumanResourceDevelopmentrenliziyuankaifa人力资源开发 IUCNInternationalUnionforNatureConservationguojiziranbaohulianmeng国际自然保护联盟 IWAInternationalWaterAssociationguojishuixiehui国际水协会 IWRMIntegratedWaterResourcesManagementzongheyitihuashuiziyuanguanli,shuiziyuantongyiguanli综合一体化水资源管理，水资源统一管理 IWRPIntegratedWaterResourcesPlanningzongheyitihuashuiziyuanguihua,shuiziyuan  tongyiguihua综合一体化水资源规划，水资源统一规划MISManagementInformationSystemguanlixinxixitong管理信息系统 MoEdMinistryofEducationjiaoyubu教育部 MoHMinistryofHealthweishengbu卫生部 MRCMekongRiverCommissionmeigongheguanliweiyuanhui湄公河管理委员会 NGONon-governmentalOrganizationfeizhengfuzuzhi非政府组织 NPVNetPresentValuejingxianzhi净现值 OFWATOfficeofWaterServices,governmentagencyservingasregulatorofthewatersupplyandsanitationsectorinEnglandandWalesShuifuwubangongshi水服务办公室英国英格兰和威尔士供水与环境卫生行业的政府管制机构O&MOperationandMaintenanceyunxingyuweihu运行与维护 ODAOfficialDevelopmentAssistanceGuanfangkaifayuanzhu官方开发援助 PLCPublicLimitedCompanygonggongyouxiangongsi公共有限公司 PMUProjectManagementUnitxiangmuguanlidanwei项目管理单位  PRAParticipatoryRuralAssessmentcanyushinongcunpingjia参与式农村评价 PSPPrivatesectorparticipationsiyingbumencanyu私营部门参与 R&DResearchandDevelopmentyanjiuyukaifa研究与开发 SIASocialImpactAssessmentshehuiyingxiangpingjia社会影响评价 SWApSector-WideApproachquanhangyefangfa全行业方法 SWOTStrengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,Threatsyoushi,lieshi,jihui,weixie优势、劣势、机会、威胁 TATechnicalAssistancejishuyuanzhu技术援助 TORTermsofReferencerenwudagang任务大纲 UFWUnaccounted-for-waterweijiliangshui未计量水 UNUnitedNationslianheguo联合国 UNDPUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramlianheguokaifajihuashu联合国开发计划署 UNEPUNEnvironmentProgrammelianheguohuanjingjihuashu联合国环境计划署 UNESCOUNEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganisationlianheguojiaokewenzuzhi联合国教科文组织  UNHCRUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugeeslianheguonanmingaojizhuanyuan联合国难民高级专员 UNICEFUNChildren’sFundlianheguoertongjijinhui联合国儿童基金会 UNIDOUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganizationlianheguogongyefazhanzuzhi联合国工业发展组织 UNUUnitedNationsUniversitylianheguodaxue联合国大学 VIPLatrineVentilatedImprovedPitLatrinetongfengshigailiangkengce通风式改良坑厕 WCWaterCloset(i.e.flushtoilet)cesuo厕所（即冲水厕所） WHOWorldHealthOrganisation(UNagency)shijieweishengzuzhi世界卫生组织（联合国组织） WRDMWaterResourcesDemandManagementshuiziyuanxuqiuguanli水资源需求管理 WRMWaterResourceManagementshuiziyuanguanli水资源管理 WS&SWaterSupplyandSanitationgongshuiyuhuanjingweisheng  供水与环境卫生WWCWorldWaterCouncilshijieshuilishihui世界水理事会 WWFWorldWildlifeFundshijieyeshengdongzhiwujijinhui世界野生动植物基金会  '