自然科学——生态学基本内容英文

Lecture01EcologyEcologyasaScience\nWhatisecology?CharacteristicsoflivingthingsLevelsoforganizationoflivingthingsLevelsoforganizationofecosystemsBasicrelationshipswithinecosystems–terminologyScientificlogic–howweknow(whatwethink)weknow\nEcology:FromGreek–oikoslogos=knowledgeoforstudyofone’shomeStudyofdistributionandabundanceoflivingthingsandtheirinteractionswitheachotherandwiththeirenvironmentEcologyasaBranchofBiology–studyoflivingthings\nWhataretheCharacteristicsofLivingThings?\nAlllivingorganismssharefivebasicproperties:CellularOrganization–cellisbasicunitoflifeMetabolism–useenergyHomeostasis-maintainstableinternalconditionsGrowthandreproductionHereditylivingthingscomefromlivingthingsInformationfortraitscodedinDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)\nLivingthingsareorganizedasorganisms:AtomscompoundscellstissuesorgansandorgansystemsorganismsAlllivingthingscomposedofcellsNotallorganismsshowalltheselevelsoforganization!\nPopulations–singleorganisms–basicunitinecology-fillaniche(‘job’orfunction)communities-populationsofmanytypesoforganismsecosystems:Allorganismslivinginanarea,andthephysicalenvironment(habitat)withwhichtheseorganismsinteract.\nOrganismsinanEcosystemareInterrelatedwithEachOtherandTheirEnvironmentEveryorganisminanecosystemhasitsniche"Whenwetrytopickoutanythingbyitself,wefindithitchedtoeverythingintheuniverse.“JohnMuir\nReviewofEcologicallevelsoforganizationIndividual/organismPopulationCommunityEcosystemsBioshphere\nTheOrganismFunctioningtogetherwithgreatprecision,theorgansystemsmakeupthecomplexmulticellularorganism.Organismsinteracttoformstillmorecomplexlevelsofbiologicalorganization.\nPopulationsAllthemembersofonespeciesthatliveinthesameareamakeupapopulation.\nCommunityThepopulationoforganismsthatinhabitaparticularareaandinteractwithoneanotherformacommunity.Thusacommunitycanbecomprisedofhundredsofdifferenttypesoflifeforms.Thestudyofhoworganismsofacommunityrelatetooneanotherandwiththeirnon-livingenvironmentiscalled"ecology".\nCommunity\nAcommunity,togetherwithitsnon-livingenvironmentisreferredtoasan"ecosystem".PondTundra\nLargestEcosystemistheBiosphere\nEcologyvs.EnvironmentalismEnvironmentalist:Savetheworld!Anemotion,acauseEcologist:Understandtheworld!Howdoesitwork–usesscientificmethodPosesspecificquestionsintheformofhypothesisInvolvescontrolledexperimentsanddetailedstudy\nObservation:Hydrangeasofthesamevarietybutgrowingindifferentpartsofthegardenhavedifferentcolors.Hypothesis:Somethingaboutthesoilisdifferent;perhapsacidity(pH).\nSetupexperimenttotesthypothesis:GrowonegroupofHydrangeasinacidpHGrowsecondgroupofhydrangeasinsoilwithbasicpHKeepeverythingelsethesameObserve:AcidpHAlkalinepH\nScientificTheoryHypothesesaretentativeexplanationsphenomenoninaparticularsituationTheoriesarewidelyacceptedexplanationsSupportfrommanylinesofevidenceBasisofunderstandingMayberevisedormodifiedTheoryofEvolution\nWarblerFeedingZones\nObservationStudiesinEcologyInvestigatesquestionsconcerning(forexample)SpeciesdistributionWhatspeciesarepresentPopulations,reproductivesuccessHowspeciesinteractChangesinspeciesmake-upofahabitatMigratorypatternsandroutesAnswersmayleadtomorequestionsManagementdecisions…\n\n\nOrganismsRequireResourcesEnergyflowsthroughecosystemsTrophiclevels=‘feeding’levelsSomeenergyislostduringtransfertoeachhighertrophiclevel\n\n\nMaterialscycleCarbon,phosphorus,nitrogen,watercyclethroughbioticandabioticaspectsofecosystemsGlobalinscaleBioticcycling\nBioticandAbiotic\n\nNutrientsCycleIncludethingslikecarbon,nitrogen,phosphorusSomerequiredingreaterconcentrationsthanothersExcessesmaybetoxic\n\nCopyright©TheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Permissionrequiredforreproductionordisplay.BirdsofpreyBirdsBirdsMammalsMammalsArthropodsFishAlgaeMollusksAnnelidsMeiofaunaBacteriaandfungiInorganicnutrientsHumansTopcarnivoresCarnivoresHerbivoresPhotosynthesizersDecomposersInorganicnutrientsInorganicnutrients\nSummaryEcologyisaninvestigativesciencethatreliesonthescientificmethodThescientificmethodrequiresobservation,creationofahypothesis,anddatacollectiontorefuteorsupportthehypothesis.Ecologyandevolutionaretwoseparatedisciplinesthatoverlapintheirinvestigationofthenaturalworld.Anunderstandingofecologymayleadustosoundenvironmentaldecisions