水的未来——关注人类未来水资源使用问题（the future of water -- focus on future human water use problem）

'水的未来——关注人类未来水资源使用问题（Thefutureofwater--focusonfuturehumanwateruseproblem）ThefileyoudownloadedisfromWWW.DZS.LAThefutureofwaterAuthor:EricOlsonNaLessonsfromLatinAmerica(1)BuenosAiresAfterthecollapseoftheBerlinwall,liberalismprevailedandbegantospreadallovertheworld,dominatingtheworld.Thelastcenturyatthebeginningof90s,thisistheatmosphere,enjoythereputationoftheworldbankproposedaslogan,askingeveryonetoobey,otherwiseitwilltakepunitivemeasures:financialprivatizationofpublicdomain!Itshouldbeacknowledgedthat,inmanyplaces,theservicesprovidedbythepublicsectorcanbarelymeetorevenhardlymeetthebasicrequirementsofpeople.InJanuary1,1992,theprivatenatureoftheArgentinaWaterServiceCompany(AguasArgentinas)insteadofOSN(ObrasSanitoriasdelaNacion,theNationalPublicHealthBureau)forthemanagementofwaterresources,thePrivateCompanies"slargestshareholderandbackersisFrenchWaterServiceCompany.Managementtransfercontractforthirtyyears,toachievethepurposeisclear:toprovidequalitywaterfor11millionresidents. It"saverydifficulttask.AlthoughthewaterrichinTahe(RiodelaPlataLaPlata,flowof22thousandcubicmeterspersecond)fromthecitynexttothewatersupplyflow,waterisstillinsufficient,oftenwithoutwater.Thecityislarge,anditisintricatelydividedintomanyurbanareas.Thewatersupplysystemwasoutofrepairand60%ofthepipeswereleaking.Corruption,bribery,illegalpossession,unauthorizedaccesstothepipelineandotherillegalactivitiesabound.ThemoraleofOSNstaffislow,becauseOSNisanadministrativeinstitution,notonlyoverstaffed,butalsoinefficient.Allpeoplewithconscienceadmitthatthewatersupplysituationwasverybadbefore1992.But14yearslater,in2006,thegovernmentofArgentinadecidedtosuspendthecontractwiththeWaterServiceCompanyinArgentina.Theachievementsofthecompanyandthereasonsforthegovernment"sterminationofthecontractcausedheateddebate.ThisdebatehasgonebeyondthescopeofthelivingconditionsofBuenosAiresresidents,andevolvedintoanideologicaldebatebetweenantiglobalismandliberalism.Ican"tcommentontheargumentsofbothsides.Therulingisinprogress,andthetruthwillsoonemerge.WhatIknowisthatthequalityofthewatersupplyhasbeenimproved,thetimehasbeenshorterandshorter,andthewatersystemhasbeenrepaired.HasWaterServiceCompanyfulfilleditscommitments?Theproblemhastobedecidedbythecourt.Ialsoknowthat2millionoftheresidentscantaptapwaterathome. Alexander?Bradyoung(AlexandreBrailowski)walskiisaphysiciantraining.He,likemanyFrenchdoctors,isengagedinhumanitarianactivitiesaroundtheworld.Inordertomaintainconsistencyinthework,andinordertoreflectthefullattentiontowaterresources,hejoinedtheWaterServiceCompanyinArgentina,begantofacethenewwork.Mostofhiscustomersliveinpoorareas(carenciados),wheresuppliesarescarceandpublicservicesarescarce.It"sahugepopulation,andit"sexpanding.Theirtreatmenthasimproved,buthasneverbeencompletelyreversed.Thisareaisaslum,alargewoodententthatcanbebuiltatrandom.Whethertheownerofthelandisanindividualorapublicentity(stateorcity)isstronglyopposedtoanythingthatisprogressive.Theybelievethattheinstallationofwaterpipesordrainagepipesmaylegitimizethebehaviorofillegalbuildingownersandmakeitdifficulttogetridofthem.AfterthetakeoverofthesensitiveareasbytheWaterServiceCompanyinArgentina,theinterestsofsomepeoplehavebeenhindered.Itaffectstherealestatedevelopersplantoinfluencetheirspeculation.Tomakemattersworse,thecompanyisinvolvedinthevortexofbribery,andthisshouldbetheconfrontationbetweenthe"upperclass"(bothnationallyandlocally)andslumdwellers.Thepoorpeoplehadnothingleft,butonlythevotesinhand,butthefinalvotecanonlybechosentovotefortheupperclass".Althoughmultinationalcorporationsarenotpureangels,theyarebasedonwhatIhaveseenandheardinLatinamerica,Localpoliticianswereelectedonthesurface,andinfacttheyactedlikebanditsandbandits.Withouttheruleoflaw,democracywillbecomeafarceofpoliticiansandtriads,andtheresultismutualbenefit. Thelawshouldbeexaminedbyasoundparliamentarybodyandcarriedoutbyanindependentjudiciary.IalsoknewthatinthethenBuenosAires,thewarontheinstallationofwatermeterswasalsoveryfierce.Imustadmitthatatthebeginningofwaterbeforethetrip,Ifeelthewatermetercontempt,evensomeangry.Inthislittlecasketwithaglasscover,astringoffiguresgocrazy.Thebiggerthenumbers,themorewatercosts.Inaddition,thewaterisusuallydifficulttofindlovehiddeninplaces,suchasunderthesink,nexttoapileofdampLessonsfromLatinAmerica(2)Washingpowderwithragsandabagaftersoakingswollen;orhighinthecloset,behindtheflourandoliveoilsardine,veryhardtoreachI"vegotridoftheseworries.Now,Ithinkwatermetersarehuman"sbestfriends:1.installthewatermeter,indicatingthatthewaterhasbeenreceivedathome.Therearetapwater,peoplewhotapwaterandwashclothes,andneverunderstandhowhappyitcanbe;2.whetheryouliveincitiesorinruralareas,watermeterscanremindyouoftheimportanceofwaterresourcesandtheimportanceofwaterconservation; 3.thewatermetercanrecordallthewateruse,andproviderelevantinformationwhennecessary.Watermetersareexcellentwitnesses,andthecourtcansummonwatermetersatanytimetomakesurethatit"sbadwaterhabits.Pleasenotethatthewatermetercannotdeterminethepriceofwater,butcanonlyshowthewaterconsumption.Pricesareoftendeterminedbythehighpowersector.Nomatterwhethertheauthoritiesdecidetowaivethewaterfeeorchargethehighwaterfee,thepoorwatermeterhasnoabilitytochange.Otherwise,shouldthethermometerberegardedasanaccessorytofever?InMarch2006,thegovernmentofArgentinadecidedtosuspendthecontract.Suezgroupsufferlossesarelikelytobeasmuchas$1billion(mainlybecauseofthepesodevaluation,thensuddenlyfree)groupdecidedtodisputetointernationalinvestmentdisputearbitrationcenterisownedbytheWorldBank(CIADI)arbitration.Untilnow,thesummerof2008,thedisputewasstillunderway.Oncebothlawyersfindthatdelayingtimecanbringbenefitstothemselves,theyinvariablydecidetodragitdown.Oneofthegreatdreamsofpureandsteadfastliberalsistoachievethedepoliticizationofwaterresources,toproducewaterasanordinarycommodity,andnottoconsiderotherfactorsotherthanproductivity.WhatevertheoutcomeofthearbitrationofwaterdisputesinArgentina,thefactswillshowthatthedreamisfoolishandcanneverberealized.Waterisindispensabletolife,andithasastrongmark.Thesetwo characteristicsdeterminethatitisalwaysconnectedwithpolitics.Nomatterwhatthegovernmentchooses,itwillnotrelaxthemanagementofwater.Cochabamba(1)Resister.Attheageof16,shewasaresister.Attheageof83,shewasstillaresister.WhenDanielle?Mitterrand(DanielleMitterrand)can"tstandaroundtheworld,whenshefeltthattheworldisthelackofhumannature,shewilltakeuparms.IsshefromtheMalvernarearesistance(Morvan)oftheweaknatureofwomen.Historically,theresistancemovementhaddefeatedthenazis.Today,Daniellethatresistancecanalsoovercomeevilforcesnewmoneyempire.Canmoneybeequatedwithwealth?Inadditiontomoney,therearemanyrealstandardsthatcanmeasuresocialprogress.ItisforthisreasonthatNobelprizewinnerAmartyaSen(AmartyaIndia)proposedameasureofhumandevelopmentindicators.Iftheantiglobalizationactiviststofindarepresentative,itcertainlyisDanielle.IntheeyesofDanielleandherfriends,wecansetupanotherworld",Andtheworldwillsooncometrue.Becauseallkindsofsigns haveemerged:politicalcrisisbrokeout,conflictescalated,countriesarelookingforanewwayoutItisinthiscontextthatLatinAmericahasattractedmuchattention.Thesocialcontradictionsareendless,andtheidealisticpoliticalviewshavefinallyfoundtheexperimentalfields.Asstrongasironwilled,Danielbelievesthattheseidealisticpoliticalviewsarethemostrealistic,andtheyoutlinetheblueprintforthefuturestepbystep.Withsuchexpectations,Cochabamba(Cochabamba)andthe"waterwar"naturallybecomeextraordinary,notonlytocreateahistoricalprecedent,butalsobecomeexamplesoffuturegenerationstofollow.Attheendof1990,Bolivia.Thecountryhasfallenintoaneconomiccrisis(severefiscaldeficitsandinflation,causingeconomicstagnation).InordertohelpBoliviaoutofthepredicament,theIMFagreedtoprovideloanswiththeneedfordeepinstitutionalreforms,andthefirstoneisPrivatizationofstateownedenterprises.Thus,inSeptember1999,SEMAPA,thelocalwateragencyinCochabamba,wasreplacedbyaninternationalconsortiumheadedbyBechtel.Managementrightstransfercontractforaperiodof40years,includingnotonlythepurificationandtransportationofwater,butalsothetreatmentofwastewater.Theconsortiumhasjusttakenoverthebusinessandraisedwaterpricesonthegroundsthatitneedsalotofmoneytoimprove andexpandservices.Suchamoveisunacceptabletopeopleinextremepoverty.Afterrisingprices,waterchargesaccountformorethan1/3oftheirincome.Theprotestsbrokeout.PresidentHugo?Bensel(HugoBanzer)ledthegovernmenttobecompletelyindifferent.Sothepeopleformeda"CoordinatingCommittee"toleadtheprotests.ThepeacemarchinFebruary4,2000wasbrutallysuppressedbythepolice,175peoplewereseriouslyinjured,and2youngpeoplewereblind.Thenprotestsspreadalloverthecountry.InApril8th,PresidentBanzerannouncedtheimplementationof"martiallaw",andayoungmanwasshot.Theprotestsescalated.InApril10th,thegovernmentdecidedtomakeconcessionsandsignedanagreementwiththe"CoordinationCommittee":todriveoffinternationalconsortiaandtoreturnwatertopublicadministration.InAugust6,2001,Hugotoresign?.In1986,Danielle?Mitterrandsetupa"freeFrenchfoundation"(fondationFranceLiberts).Themaintaskistoprotectthefoundationearly(TchdeTCHNESChechen),Kurdish(Kurdes),Tuvarre(Touareg),Dom(Roms)andotheroppressedpeoplesrights.Theiractionsaremainlytohelplocaldevelopmenteducation.Everywheretheygo,there"salwayswater.SolvingthisproblemhasbecometheprimarygoalofDanielandherfriendstobuild"anotherworld",whichhasimportantsymbolicsignificance. Nongovernmentalorganizationsandindividualstoparticipateinthe"Watermanmovement"to.Thecampaignpromotestenactionplans,andthefollowingrulesarerequired:Thefirstisthatwaterisnotacommodity,butacommonwealthofmankindandalllivingthings.Second:inordertoensurethefuturegenerationsofdrinking,wehavetheobligationtorestoretheoriginalcleanwater,andmakeitreturntonature.Third:theuseofwateristhebasichumanrights,mustbeimplementedinpublic,democratic,transparentmanagementtoprotect,andlegislationtobeconstrained.Wewillnotdisagreeabouttheseconditem.Today,peopleallknowthatwaterresourcesshouldbeprotectedandthenaturalstateofwaterresourcesshouldbemaintained.Thefirstpointistheword"commodity".Canhydroenergybethesameasothercommodities?Obviouslynot.ThedeepimplicationofthissentenceisthatwateristhemotherofnatureCochabamba(2)Agiftgiventolife,nomatterwhat,nobodycantakeitforhimself.Butinfact,waterisnotagift,butaproduct,aprocessthatneedstobeprocessed(exceptforafewcases,watermustbeprocessedbeforeuse)andtransportation(Godmay havecreatedwater,Butitdidn"tcreateaplumbingproduct.Theideathatwatershouldbefreeisnotbeneficialtowateritself.Noonewillopposethethirdprinciples.Itistruethatwaterispublicproperty,andtherighttousewaterisafundamentalright.Butwhycanthisrightbeprotectedonlybythepublicsector?Wateristhebasicconditionofhumanexistence,andithasbeenmanagedbythemunicipalorthestate.Ispublicsectormanagementmoreresponsible?Goodquestion!Isthepublicsectormoretransparentanddemocratic?Ifthat"sthecase,I"mgoingtoapplaud.Butwhyevenifit"sjustmanagement,can"twegiveittotheprivatesector?Theuglyphenomenonofillegalprofitsdoexistinprivatebusiness,butthepublicsectorbloated,anddonothingarealsocriticizedmorepersonnelthanworkavailable.Theprivateenterpriseistomoveasreinforcements,usuallyhasdeclaredthefailureofpublicmanagement.Itisnotnaivetobelievethatcorruptionisapatentintheprivatesector.Anyway,Icannotagreewiththethird.Sorry,Ialsothinkofmyselfasawaterman.HasthemanagementofwaterresourcesbeenimprovedinacrazyCochabamba?Infact,inthisremoteplace,thesituationisnotsmoothsailing.Toomany"waterfighters"wanttojointhe publicwatersector,howcantheyberejected?Staffinghasincreasedbytwotimes.It"sgoodnewsforjobs;forwaterprices,that"sbadnews.Thepriceofwaterisnottoohigh,thesituationofwatershortagehasnotchanged,andthereisstilllittlewateroutofthewaterpipes.Privatemineralwatercompaniestookadvantageofthisopportunitytoreapalotofbenefits.InLaPaz(LaPaz),EvoMorales(Evo?Morales)socialistpartyleadershipalthoughunexpectedlyseizedpower,butdidnotentertherole.Thefirstministerofwaterresourceswassoonoutofthepoliticalarenabecauseoflackofexperienceandcorruption.ThereisagrowingshortageofcompetentmanagersinCochabamba.Thecoordinationcommitteecanonlycarryouttheworkaccordingtotheexistingconditions.ThefreeFrenchfoundationhasreceivedsomeFrenchcity(includingParis,Grenoble,Nanterre)support.Switzerlandwithdrewfromcooperationbecauseofitslackofconfidenceinthefutureeffectoftheactionplan,buttheEUhasjoinedItisinconceivablethattheAndeansocietyisdividedintomanyclassesaccordingtothestandardsofthenatives,thedescendantsoftheSpanishinvadersandtheforeignbigenterprises.It"shardtoimaginewhatkindofcontemptthepoorsuffer,especiallywhentheirskincolorisalittlebitdifferentfromthatofwhites.Racismaddstoinequalityandprovidesanexcusefordiscrimination.Insuchanextremesocialatmosphere,everystepofthewayto democracyrequiresabattle,arealfight,andthecostoflife.Thedemandforwaterresourcesinthelocalcommunityisnotonlyduetorealisticconsiderations(becauseoftheneedforwater),butalsoduetotheneedtomaintaindignityandlearnmanagementexperience.(watermapofBerlinarea)ThedebtriddencityofBerlin(1)LivinginthetheRhinebasinoftheFrenchpeoplebelievethattheRhineistheonlysourceofGermany,RhineriveristheonlywaterinGermanicmythology.They"rewrong!BecausetheyforgotaboutBerlin.Intheforest,lakescanbeseeneverywhere,andtherearevastswampsandwindingrivers.Thereishardlyanyreallandinthenorthofgermany.Glaciershavebeenextendinghereforalongtime,anditseemsthattheyhavenotmeltedcompletelyuntilnow.LikeVenice,Berlinisalsoacitybuiltonwaterandsand.TheheartoftheGermanicempirewasbasedonwaterstakes.Itseemsthatthe"Berlin"originatedfrommud,probablyestablishedbytheSlavictribesoriginallyinhabitedhere.Theyusedaninterestingword,Poirot(brlo),torepresenttheswamp,Itmeansthatsoft,darkregionscangobbleawayeverythinglikeagluttonousdevil.Surroundedbysuchwatersystems,Berlinwassufferingfrom cholera.Every20to30years,adiseasebrokeout,killinghundredsofthousandsoflives.Hagel(Hegel)servedaspresidentoftheuniversity.Whenallthepeoplefledtothecountrysideinordertoavoidtheepidemic,hedidnotgo.Thepopularlegendwasthathedidn"twanttoleavehisjobuntilhefinishedtheexperiment.Finally,hewasinfectedwiththedeadlyepidemicofcholera,diedintheriverSpreeinNovember14,1831(Spree),(LedesMusMuseumIsland?Es)ontheoppositesideofthehouse.BytheendofthenineteenthCentury,fecesandsewagewerenottransporteddirectlyintothesewer,butweretransportedawaybyhand.Themanwhotransportedthesewageseemedtocomefromhell,knownasNachtemma,theElmarinthedark".Theywereagroupofwomenwho,afternightfall,collectedthefecesandwastecollectedfromthebarrelsandpouredthemintotankcarsandthentransportedthemtothesewagefieldoutsidethecity.ManyNaziGermanorganizationssuchastheSS,theSD,theGastapoandtheimperialcentralSafetyAgency(RSHA)havebeengatheredonWilhelmstrasse(William).Atthattime,Himmler(Himmler),Heydrich(Heydrich),CarleTengBrutus(Kaltenbrunner)etal.Everydayisheretoworkinthisareanow,inadditiontolaterconstructionofthe"terrorist"terrainoutsidethemuseum,therestisstillinruins.In1856,alargereservoirwasdughere.In1933,theNazisusedittopersecutetheopposition.Today,itbecomesatestgroundformusicandscience,becausethesoundeffectsareveryspecial.WaterinBerlinhasdeeprootswithfreedom.InAugust13,1961, theBerlinwallappearedinthecityinjustafewhours,dividingtheresidentsofBerlinandBerlinintotwoparts.MenandwomenlivingintheEastareunfortunatelysurroundedbywomen.Alotofpeoplewanttogetout,butthegroundisdefinitelynotgoingtowork,sosomeoneislookingforanotherwayoutoftheground.OnthemorningofOctoberatthebeginningofacold,Ileavethegrand(Charit)ChariteHospitalnotfarfromtheBritishLidengStreet(Invalidenstrasse)andRichardCharest(Scharnhorststrasse)atthecornerofthestreetintotheground.ABerlinmunicipalgovernmentworkeraccompaniedmeinabricklinedcircularpassage.Therearetwowaterwaysontherighthandside,onefordrinkingwaterandtheotherforwastewater."Youmightwanttoseethosefences?"Hereyouare!"Inthelightoftheflashlightintheroughrailingrusty,likeFortRyanLangyadoor.WhentheBerlinwallwasbuilt,alotofpeoplefledfromthesewersintheeast.Oneofthestudents,eventhewholeclass,escaped.Buttheauthoritiessoontookaction.Aweeklater,hundredsofironfenceswereinstalledinthesewer,justlikehere"Aftertheriverdiversionproject,theSwissembassywasnolongeracastlenearthewater.Itslocationbecomesthecenterofthelawn,whereyoucanquietlyobservetheneighbors,FederalRepublicofGermanyprimeminister"severymove.Peoplecalltheprimeministerbuilding"washingmachine",whichisnottomakefunofit,nordoesitalludetomoneylaundering, butsimplybecausetheshapeofthebuildingissimilartothewashingmachine.InthetenseperiodinWestconfrontation,theSpreeriverisawall,awatercurtainline.PeopleinEastBerlinwantedtoswimfromtherivertothewest,andthesoldiersshottheswimmer"shead.InthebankoppositetheHousesofParliamentbuiltonthememorialtovictimsofthecross,inscribedwiththeirnames:MaryNeita?CzechChaikefusiji(22.XI.80),especiallyduric?(5.X.61),CloseSchroder(4?ThedebtriddencityofBerlin(2).XI.63),Guntherlitfin(24.VIII.61)?.Atthattime,theSwissEmbassytiedupseveralropesintotheriver,Thosewhohopetoescapefromtheshootinghavesomethingtocatch.AlthoughtheBerlinwallwasbuilt,thefencewassetup,buttheflowofwaterneverstopped.WestBerlinislocatedinthehinterlandofEastGermanyanddoesnothaveenoughfacilities.Attheexpenseofhighcosts,capitalistwastewaterwasallowedtobeshippedoutandtreatedbycommunism.Inthepast,Berlinhasbeenrelyingonoutsidesupport,financeandothersupportfromthe"freeworld"".AfterthecollapseoftheBerlinwallandthemergerofthetwoGermany,theexternalfundingwascancelled,andthedemandandconsumptionofBerlincityincreasedrapidly.Inaword,Berlinhasfallenintobankruptcy.Inthiscase,howtoimplementlarge-scaleprojectsthatneedtobelaunched,especiallythemergerand transformationofthewatersupplysystem?Insuchatightsituation,Berlindecidedtoprivatizethewatersector.ItwillsignanattractivecontractwiththePrivateCompanies,whichwillbeamodelofthemixedeconomy.Inthenewlyestablishedcompany,thecitygovernmenthasa50.1%stake;aspartnersofthetwoPrivateCompaniesshareisonlyslightlyless,accountingfor49.9%.ThetwocompaniesareFranceVeoliagroupandGermany"sRhinegroup(RWE).It"saninterestingpublic-privatepartnership.Howdoweunifythetwodistinctlogicsofpursuingeconomicinterestsandmeetingvoters"demands?Howtoexpandtheinvestmentwhiledividendstoshareholders,whilethewatercontrolinthepeoplewithinthescopeoftolerance?Berlinpeopleseemtothinkthatthewaterdivertedtootherareasisacceptable,takenfromthegovernmentinthecostofsellingaportionoffinancialsupportisalsobehoove.Thegovernmentcanusethisincometosubsidizeotherindustriesaccordingtoitsownwill.InGermany,waterresourcesasatypicalpublicproperty,isnolongerthefocusofprotectionofthefield?Ifthereisariveroralakenearby,peoplewillgostraighttofetchwater,whichiscommonsense(orlaziness).Butinfact,thisiswrong!Afewholesshouldbemadeneartheriverorlake,andthewatertakenfromitwillbecleaner,becausethesoil layermadeofsandandgravelcanfilterwell.Since1810,residentsofGlasgow(Glasgow)havedugalotofwellsalongtheClydeRiver(Clyde).Uptonow,humanbeingscanonlystandidlybythefilterrolethatnatureplaysthere,andnoonecantellhowthisprocessisaccomplished.TheKompetenzZentrum,whichwasfoundedin2001,bringstogetherresearchersfromfouruniversitiestouncovertheveilofthemysteriousfiltrationsystem.Thistaskisnotsimple,becausenohumandetectionindeepstratumsecretpiercingeye.Hydrogeologyisafascinatingsubject,buttherelatedresearchiscompletelygropinginthedark.Itcanonlycollectsamples,deducetheprocess,putforwardthehypothesis,andthentrytobuildtherelevantmodel.Onemodelcantestmanyhypotheses,suchastheconsequencesofclimatewarming,whetherthewatertemperatureofrivers,lakesandsoonwillaffectthefiltrationofnatureOneofthefocusesofcontentionamongallpartiesischlorine.Alotofpeople,especiallytheIndianapolisResearchCenter(Indianapolis)researchersthink,cannottakepeople"shealthasatriflingmatter,mustkillthebacteriainthewater,andtopreventthepathogeninvadedagain.So,themostsuitabledisinfectantischlorine.AndfortheGermans,thesoilitselfhasaverygoodcleansingeffect.ChangesinParisIn2001,BertrandDelano(Bertrand?Delano?)servedasmayorofParis.Heinheritedanoddandcomplexwatersystemfromtheformermayor.Watertreatmentishandledbypublicagencies,butthetransportiscompletedbytwoprivateenterprises:VeoliagroupisresponsiblefortherightbankofSeineRiver, SuezgroupisresponsiblefortheleftbankofSeineRiver.ThisisthepolicyofformermayorJacquesChirac(JacquesChirac),Becausehispersonalityislikethis,donotwanttooffendanyone.Youdon"thaveasenseofawewhenyougoonthegrandstepsofthegovernment,andit"shardtobedumbwhenyouwalkintoanunusuallyspaciousmayor"soffice.Obviously,theownershereneedtoconstantlyrestraintheirimpulsestoavoidtheambitiontorulethecountry."Whenyouweremayorin2001,whatdidyouthinkofsuchastrangesystem?""Wesoondiscoveredthatthecommissioncontractswithprivateenterpriseswereveryunequal,sothenegotiationswererenewedandsubstantialeconomiccompensationwasobtained.In2008,whenthemunicipalelectioncampaignwasjustbeginning,Iannouncedmygoal:ifIcouldbeelectedagain,Iwouldgivetheentirewatersystemtothepublicsector.Ifulfilledmypromise.""Whychangethisstrangepattern?"ItshouldbesaidthatParis"swaterqualityisgood,andthepriceisrelativelylow."Thefirstistheobjectivefactor!Whenthecontractexpiresin2009,itispossibletocorrecttheunreasonableplace,thatis,todeliverthewatertreatmentandtransportationtoadepartment.Everyoneacknowledgesthatendingthisdivideandrulecanimproveproductivity.Youknow,nowadropofwater flowsfromawaterfactorytoaconsumer,andgoesthroughthehandsofsixorsevenoperators,becausetheyareresponsiblefordifferentlinks.Inthefuture,waterquality,safetyandotherstandardswillcontinuetoimprove,whichrequiresalotofmoneyinvested.Ifwedon"timprovethemanagement,theburdenonconsumerswillbecomeheavier.""Youmaytrytoreversetheideaofprivatization""Wetookallthefactorsintoconsideration,buttherewasaquestionalloverthemind:whatisthedemandofthecitizensofParis?Wateristhebasicneedofpeople"slife,andshouldbemanagedbytherepresentativesofthemasses.Tothisend,wesetupa"publicadministrationofindustryandCommerce"".Thisnameisaverygoodpublicmanagementfunction,butalsothecharacteristicsofindustrialandcommercialenterprises."Inotherwords,youdon"twanttomakeapledgetothegreensandtheextremeleft?"Themayorsmiled,andtherewasatraceofprideonhisface."DoyouknowthepoliticalpoweroftheParisMunicipalCouncil?"Don"tunderstand?Wedon"thavetopromiseanyone.It"sjustamatterofefficiency."Itisnotdifficulttoseethatbeitelang?ShowthattheproblemofwatertoborrowBertrandDelanoe,theirunderstandingoftheleftistpoliticalphilosophy,whichadheretotheprinciples,anddon"tforgetthemomentwork. "Youknow,I"mnotagainsttheprivatesectoratall.Youwantproof?Wehavegivensomeswimmingpoolstoprivateenterprises;morethanhalfoftheurbanareasinParishavebeencleanedupbyprivateenterprises.Why?Becausesometimestheprivatesectorcanbringbetterresults.ThecitizensofParishavetherighttoenjoyhighqualityservices.Ourtaskistomakesurethatweprovidethemwithsuchservices.""PrivateWaterServiceCompanyinFranceisworldclass.".LosingthecontractsinParisisverydetrimentaltotheiroccupationofnewmarkets""Noonewantsthemtoleave."!Thisisridiculous.Weneedtheirability.Thefieldofwaterresourcesisalargearea,eachlinkwillhavedifferentprojectsforbidding,andnowtheyarestillalotofparticipation."Iwalkedoutofthespaciousmayor"sofficewithoutaslipandfellonthehighmarblesteps.FromthecityofParistothestreets,youwillthinkthewholeParisbecomesverysmall.Howmuchdoesitcosttobuywater?Howmuch?Theoretically,waterisunique.Thereisnomorespecificsubstancethanwater,becausealllifebeginswithwater.Atfirstglance,thewateristhesame.Otherwise,howdoyoucomparetwinstotwodropsofwater? Infact,water,asasolvent,isfullofcontradictionsandbreedschanges.Atanytimetoprovideresidentswithhighqualitywatersources,whilefullyensuringthetreatmentofwastewater,suchadualgoalinallpartsofthesame.SomepeoplethinkthatallEuropeancountrieshavemadethesamechoiceinthefaceofthesetwomajortasks.That"snotthecase!HollandandPolandhandedovertherighttooperatethewatersupplytothepublicadministration.Britain,onthecontrary,hasimplementedacomprehensiveprivatization.Spain,inbetweenthesetwoextremesituations,hasmadenochoice:thepublicsectorisresponsiblefor52%,andthePrivateCompaniesisresponsiblefor40%.Germanyclearlypreferredthepublicsector,accountingfor67%.Whichmodelisbetterforwastewatertreatment?Privatesectororpublicsector?Europeanleadersinbetweentomake.Thecostofthetworoutesisnotthesame?Absolutelynot.InDenmark,theprocessingfeeof1cubicmetersofwaterandwastewaterfor5euros;inItaly,duetogovernmentsubsidies,thepriceislessthan0.7eurospercubicmeterlevelofFranceisrelativelymodest,forlessthan3euros/cubicmeter.But abiggapbetweentheFrenchprovinces,tothesurprisingpoint:Morbihan(Morbihan)for4euros,thealpineprovince(Hautes-Alpes)lessthan2euros.Whyistheresuchabiggap?Theansweristogotodifferentwatersources:themorepollutedtheriverorundergroundaquifer,thegreaterthecostofprocessingitintotheavailablewater.Themoredispersedthepopulation,thehigherthecostofwatertransportation.Comparedwithotherexpenses,waterchargesaccountforareasonableproportionoftheFrenchbill,whichis180eurosperyear.Howmuchdoyouchargeforyourmobilephoneeveryyear?TheFrenchdebateoverwatercostsisfierce,becauseprivatebusinessesaccountformostofthemarketshare:72%ofwatersupplyand55%ofwastewatertreatment.Shouldthecorefunctionofthepublicsectorbehandedovertothemercenaryprivateenterprise?ConsumerassociationsregularlypublishresearchreportscondemningthelackofcompetitioninwaterresourcesmanagementandthefactthattheyarecompletelycontrolledbyVeoliaandSuez.Theassociationalsoblamedthelackoftransparencyanddemocraticsupervisiononthegrantingofcontractsubsidies,whichmadeitdifficultforconsumerstobearthehighpriceofwater.Thepriceofwaterisstillrising(andit"sunacceptable),andthere"sahugeprofitgoingon, whichisnotreasonablebecausetheproductispublicproperty.Thecondemnedcompaniesalsoregularlypublishreportstorespond.Theysaythesituationisgettingmorecomplicated.Thesituationisdifferent,whereiscomparable?Unfortunately,Franceisthemostserious,worstwaterqualitycountrywiththemostcomplexterrain,andthecitygovernmentasksusforhelpbecausetheproblemismoredifficultthantheycanafford.Inconscience,whocansaythatourworkhasnocost?Wouldyouliketovisitourresearchcenter?Wejustwanttoraisealittlebitofwaterprice(justalittle),andyou"llforgettocalculatethetaxwe"regoingtopay.Inthefinalanalysis,thetaxwilleventuallybeusedinthepeople.Morefreee-books,pleasegotohttp://www.dzs.laDownloadMobileaccessdzs.lafreedownloadDisclaimer:thisebookisforreaderpreviewonly.Pleasedeleteitwithin24hoursofdownloadandnotforcommercialuse;ifyoulike,pleasebuygenuinebooks!HTTP/1.1500InternalServerErrorServer:nginx/0.7.65Date:Fri,03May201314:25:58GMTContent-Type:text/htmlConnection:close Content-Length:19345Length:19345Content-Range:bytes0-19344/19345Thepageyouarelookingforistemporarilyunavailable.<> 请稍后再试。<><><表><身体><>'