黄河水资源统一管理与调度系统建设与应用

'黄河水资源统一管理与调度系统建设与应用（胡玉荣1郭光明2董舞3马广州4）（1.黄委水资源管理与调度局，郑州，450003;2.黄河建工集团有限公司；3.黄委信息中心4.黄河出版社）摘要本文简要概述了黄河水资源统一调度管理系统建设的总体目标及总体框架，详细叙述了系统建设的主要内容，并对其应用成效进行了总结。关键词：系统建设应用水资源调度黄河1概述加强黄河水资源统一管理、实施黄河水量统一调度，是实现黄河水资源优化配置，确保黄河不断流，使有限的黄河水资源最大限度地发挥社会效益、环境效益和生态效益的重要措施之一。随着水量调度工作的逐步深入，迫切需要应用现代科技手段，全面提高水量调度管理工作的科技含量和信息技术应用的整体水平，实现黄河水量的优化配置。黄河水资源调度管理系统是“数字黄河”工程的重要组成部分，该系统针对黄河水资源调度管理业务需求做出了相对全面且具有适度前瞻性与可操作性的规划工作，是实现水利信息化的具体体现，是推动黄河水资源管理调度信息化的重要措施。通过系统的运用，使调度工作手段更加丰富，科技水平和调度管理水平明显提高，极大地提高了工作效率，增强了水量统一调度的科学性，提高了调度精度，为调度决策提供了更加科学的依据。2系统的总体目标和总体框架系统的总体目标是在现有工作基础上，建立一套“先进、实用、可靠、高效”处于国内领先水平的黄河水资源调度管理系统。该系统具有宽带传输能力、能够实时完成各类信息收集处理，为编制水量调度方案、实时调度和监督调度方案的实施提供决策支持；具有为黄河水量调度管理各项工作提供信息服务和分析计算手段等功能。 系统建成后，可以实现：1、基本形成黄河水量调度的信息采集系统。采集的水雨情信息、引水信息、水质信息和旱情信息能满足黄河水量调度管理日常工作需要和全河水量统一调度管理要求。2、形成能为黄河水量调度管理服务的计算机网络系统。提高水量调度信息收集和调度指令传输的及时性、可靠性，实现各级水量调度部门的信息共享。3、使水量调度的调度会商和值班环境既先进实用，又稳定可靠，为水量调度、管理和督查工作提供可靠保障。完善调度管理体系，保障水量调度管理系统的正常运行。4、建立能对黄河水量调度运行实况进行综合监视和查询，能供黄河水量总调中心实施水量调度作业和管理使用，能为黄河水量调度管理各主要工作环节提供支持的大型应用软件系统，使水量调度工作的效率和水平得到显著提高。黄河水资源调度管理系统以黄河水量总调中心为核心，由基于四类信息采集体系、五级网络传输结构、三级数据存储方式、三层调度管理中心、二类中间件、十一个调度业务相关模型和决策支持系统等七大业务子系统构成。黄河水资源调度管理系统总体框架见图1。图1黄河水资源调度管理系统总体框架3系统建设 经过近几年的系统建设，确立了黄河水量调度管理系统架构体系，在信息采集系统、计算机网络系统建设、决策支持系统和黄河水量总调度中心环境建设等方面取得了巨大进展，通过系统的运用，使调度工作手段更加丰富，科技水平和调度管理水平明显提高，极大地提高了工作效率，增强了水量统一调度的科学性，提高了调度精度，为调度决策提供了更加科学的依据。在黄河实现连续六年枯水年份不断流的过程中，系统建设的成果发挥了不可替代的作用，取得了巨大的经济、社会和生态环境效益，充分体现了信息化、现代化在水资源管理调度中的重大作用。3.1信息采集系统通过信息采集系统（包括：水雨情信息采集系统、引水信息采集系统和水质信息采集系统）的建设，改善了黄河水量调度管理的信息采集手段，提高了基础信息的数据采集能力和实时性，为黄河水资源调度管理系统的运用提供了信息源。3.1.1水雨情信息采集系统完成的建设成果包括：高村水文站低水测验吊箱缆道工程建设；中国气象局9210系统引进；下河沿、石嘴山水文站低水测船建设；石嘴山、下河沿、头道拐、花园口、高村、利津流速流向仪配置。3.1.2引水信息采集系统引水信息采集系统的建设包括：上游青铜峡三盛公引退水信息监测系统和下游引黄涵闸远程监控系统。上游青铜峡三盛公引退水信息监测系统完成的成果包括：（1）自动监测引水信息整合（2）退水自动监测系统（3）人工观测的退水信息整合（4）完善了总调中心数据库中宁蒙灌区和引退水汇总信息，实现了来水预报、枢纽运行、河道水情、用水计划和用水统计Web服务查询系统。黄河下游引黄涵闸远程监控系统是利用现代电子、通信、计算机技术来实时自动完成涵闸信息的采集、传输和控制，经过近三年的建设，已有77座引黄涵闸实现了远程监控、监测和监视功能。实现了引水涵闸闸上、闸下水位自动采集和闸门提起高度的自动采集，通过超短波和黄委计算机网传输，实现了数据采集中心（市级河务局）或数据汇集点（县级河务局）对所属涵闸的信息接收、解调、处理，从而实现了黄委总调中心和山东省局、河南省局对省级交叉断面引水涵闸的自动监测和控制。系统整体结构如图2所示。 图2引黄涵闸远程监控系统整体结构系统试运行以来，实现了实时采集涵闸引水信息，对提高调度精度、涵闸的远程监测、控制和监视提供了有效地技术支持，为黄河水量调度与监督管理，有效控制下游河道断流，减少矛盾发挥了重要作用。3.1.3水质信息采集系统水质信息采集系统主要是完善监测设备配备，包括为包头监测站、青铜峡监测站和三门峡库区水质监测中心各配置一台COD快速测定仪和一台原子荧光光谱仪，为流域监测中心和黄河山东（济南）水环境监测中心各配置一台多参数现场测定仪，以及在黄河上游兰州监测中心配置一台水质移动实验室。 通过该项目建设与运用，黄委系统初步形成了固定实验室监测、移动实验室动态监测、水质自动监测站实时监测相结合的水质监测新体系，监测成果的代表性、可靠性和科学性得到了提高。在黄河水行政管理部门对水量、水质的统一管理方面得到进一步的提高，满足了的社会公众对用水安全的知情权，对社会稳定和保证流域经济的可持续发展起到了强大的促进作用。3.2计算机网络系统为了满足水调系统的信息传输的需要，根据水量调度系统网络节点的分布特点和通信条件，制定了合理的网络组网方案，建立了国内规模最大的，覆盖面最广，组网结构复杂的水调计算机网络系统。网络覆盖涉及黄河上游和下游多个省区的单位和部门，网络节点分布广，根据各地和部门通信条件的差异分别采用1000MB以太网、宽带无线局域网、Internet广域互联等多种组网技术合理并用，实现了黄委水调中心与两省局、沿黄主要省区水调部门、地市局、县局和重要引水工程的5级网络互连的庞大复杂的广域网络系统。图3水量调度系统计算机网络拓扑结构 建立了总调度中心局域网和综合布线系统，完善了相关的黄委网络信息点的接入，实现了下游涵闸工程的网络接入，进一步扩展了网络覆盖范围，实现了黄河上游主要省区网络与黄委的连接，包括：甘肃、宁夏、内蒙水利厅，内蒙河套灌区管理局、黄河工程局、宁蒙水文局等。为各类采集信息的快速、可靠的传输，提供了网络保障。水调计算机网络拓扑结构见图3。目前，网络运行状态良好，为采集信息的快速、可靠的网上传输，提供了保障。另外，青铜峡、三盛公引退水信息采集系统已在网络支持下正常运转。3.3决策支持系统为合理配置黄河水资源，缓解供需矛盾，改善生态环境，防止河道断流，使有限的黄河水资源发挥更大的综合效益，迫切需要提高水量调度决策支持手段，尽快改变“手工＋经验”的落后模式，为此应急实施方案安排决策支持系统建设，内容包括水量调度业务处理和综合监视系统、水量调度方案管理系统、水量调度实时数据库字典及表结构编制、决策支持系统软件集成等。3.3.1水量调度业务处理与综合监视系统完成成果包括：数据库开发、水量调度信息服务、综合监视与预警系统和业务处理系统。3.3.2水量调度方案管理系统从2002年8月正式启动，经过两年的建设，基本形成具有方案编制、方案管理、方案比选和三维仿真的水量调度方案管理系统。3.3.3水量调度实时数据库字典及表结构编制为规范水量调度系统建设工作，迫切需要编制了《水量调度数据库表结构及数据字典》。《水量调度数据库表结构及数据字典》经审查并经“数字黄河”工程领导小组同意，批准为“数字黄河”工程标准，标准名称和编号为：《水量调度数据库表结构及数据字典》SZHH14-2004，自2004年10月20日起实施。3.3.4黄河小浪底以下河段枯水调度模型 黄河小浪底以下河段枯水调度模型是针对下游枯水条件，面向实际调度运用，融合实用性和先进性的实时水量调度软件系统。本调度模型系统根据黄河水量调度日常工作的实际需要，结合下游不同季节来水和用水特点，以利津断面防断流为控制条件，考虑小浪底以下不同河段用水、区间加水、河道损失等因素，可提出满足防断流要求的月、旬、日水库调度预案，以及下游主要水文断面控制流量和各河段配水控制意见，指导水库调度和河道配水，并对未来防断流、防凌安全形势进行预警和提供用水意见，为枯水期黄河小浪底以下水资源的科学调度与合理分配，确保河道不断流和供水安全提供依据。3.3.5黄河上游宁蒙河段流量演进模型黄河上游宁蒙河段流量演进模型实现了（1）以日为计算时段，根据刘家峡水库出库泄流，进行正向演进计算，提出刘家峡以下各主要水文站断面流量，并逐日滚动更新。（2）以各断面控制流量为条件，进行不同河段引水、退水、河道损失、断面流量等因素的变化和调整，进行全河或分河段流量演进计算。（3）可对未来防断流形势进行预警，特殊情况能以确保河道不断流为前提，提供引水控制基本处理意见。（4）可进行多个水量调度方案的计算。（5）可与总调中心综合数据库连接，适时更新数据。（6）具备多种方式的输入、输出和查询功能。黄河上游宁蒙河段流量演进模型开发完成，为上游水资源统一调度，以及对该河段用水的有效控制和管理提供了技术支持和决策参考。3.4总调度中心环境黄河水量总调度中心是黄河水量统一调度管理的中枢，调度过程中的方案编制、决策会商、信息查询（包括：引水信息、水情、雨情、旱情、气象信息）、涵闸监控等工作均在此进行，黄河水量总调度中心环境的建立，为水量调度业务提供了良好的工作和系统运行环境，使调度管理系统的功能得到了综合体现。4.系统的应用效果黄河水量调度管理系统的成功运用，使人们看到了该系统的应用前景，增强了系统建设的信心。从下面几个方面可以反映系统建设成果在实际工作取得的明显成效。4.1枯水模型应用效果 黄河下游春夏秋冬四季枯水调度模型采取边开发、边应用、边完善的建设原则，确保了研发与生产实践的紧密结合，实际应用效果良好。模型运用以来进一步提高了枯水期黄河水量调度科学水平，提升了科技含量，为优化配置水资源，实施水量精细调度提供了可靠依据，在确保黄河不断流的工作中发挥着巨大的作用，其运用使水资源分配更趋合理，有效地节约了黄河水量,提高了黄河水量调度精度和时效性。4.2方案编制与管理应用效果自黄河水量调度方案编制与管理系统2004～2005年度调度期开始正式应用以来，利用该系统编制了《2004年7月至2005年6月黄河可供水量年度分配及非汛期干流水量调度预案》和2004年11月至2005年6月逐月黄河水量调度方案以及逐旬水量调度方案。该系统的应用，使水量调度工作效率、决策支持能力、水量调度精度等都有了显著提高。提高了调度决策效率，体现了时效性。提高了决策公信度，体现了公平分水原则。提高了水量调度的精度，水量分配更趋合理。4.3业务处理与综合监视系统应用效果水量调度业务处理与综合监视系统提高了日常业务工作的自动化程度，减轻了工作强度，提高了业务处理效率。提高了技术手段，信息收集处理和查询更加便捷。提高业务处理效率，减少了工作强度。4.4涵闸远程监控系统应用效果黄河下游引黄涵闸远程监控系统是确保黄河不断流的有力手段，提升了黄河下游水量调度工作的科技水平，提高了工作效率。提高了应对突发事件的反应能力。丰富了调度督察手段，提高了工作效率。4.5基础设施运用成效黄河水资源调度管理系统中的基础设施是系统的基础支撑，调度工作中的科学决策离不开基础设施的提供的信息和手段。高村水文站低水测验吊箱缆道工程，解决了低水测验问题，即满足了低水测验渡河需要，又保障了人身安全。“9210”系统的建设，不仅解决了非汛期气象资料短缺的问题，而且增加了气象资料的信息量，减少了资料接收处理时间和工作量。该 系统的运用，为水量调度决策提供了科学依据，发挥了良好的作用，取得了明显的经济和社会效益。为下河沿、石嘴山两站建成的两艘水文低水测船，保证了低水测验时的人身安全，提高了低水测验精度。为下河沿、石嘴山、头道拐、花园口、高村、利津6个水文站配置的适用于水深较小、流速测量精度高的声学多普勒流速流向仪（ADV），提高了测验精度及自动化程度。5结语通过黄河水量调度管理系统的逐步完善和运用，改变了初期的工作状态，增强了水量统一调度的科学性，提高了调度精度和快速反应能力，提高了决策与管理水平。取得了显著的经济、社会和生态效益。该系统的建设与运行，标志着黄河水量调度工作由经验决策向科学决策的转变，由初级调度向高级调度的转变。在该系统的支持下，实现合理配置黄河水资源，缓解供需矛盾，改善生态环境，使有限的黄河水资源发挥更大的综合效益。 TheConstructionandApplicationoftheunifiedWaterRegulationandManagementSystemintheYellowRiverHuYurong1GuoGuangming2DongWu3MaGuangzhou4(1.DepartmentofWaterResourcesManagementandRegulation,YRCC,Zhengzhoucity,China,45003;2.YellowRiverconstructionengineeringgroupCo.Ltd,YRCC,zhengzhoucity,China,45003;3.InformationCenter，YRCC.zhengzhoucity,China,45003;4.YellowRiverPress,YRCC.zhengzhoucity,China,45003)Abstract:ThispaperbrieflyintroducesthewholegoalandframeworkofYellowRiverwaterregulationandmanagementsystemconstruction,describesindetailthemaincontentsincludedinsystemconstruction,andsummarizesapplicationresultsofthesystem.Keywords:SystemConstructionApplicationWaterResourcesRegulationYellowRiver1．IntroductionReinforcingtheunifiedwaterresourcesmanagementandimplementingtheunifiedwaterregulationintheYellowRiverisoneofimportantmeasurestorealizeoptimumwaterallocation,andensurenodryingoutinYellowRiver,makelimitedYellowRiverWaterResourcesplayfullroleineconomic,environmentalandecologicalbenefits.Withgradualdevelopmentofwaterregulation,itisurgenttorealizetheoptimumwaterallocationintheYellowRiverthroughapplyingmoderntechnologytocompletelyimprovetechnologyofwaterregulationmanagementandthewholelevelofinformationtechnologyapplication.TheYellowRiverwaterresourcesregulationandmanagementsystemisanimportantpartofdigitalYellowRiver,CateringtotherequirementoftheYellowRiverwaterresourcesregulationandmanagement,thesystemhasrelativelycompleteplanningwithdueforwardlookingandapplicability,whichisdetailedembodyofwaterinformatizationandisanimportantmeanstofacilitatetheYellowRiverwaterresourcesmanagementandregulationinformatization.Throughtheapplicationofthesystem,itmakeswaterregulationmeansmorerich,theleveloftechnologyandregulationandmanagementhasbeenimprovedalot,theefficiencyalsohasbeenimproved.Italsoenhancedscientificwaterregulation,improvedtheregulationaccuracyandprovidedscientificbasisfordecisionmakingofwaterregulation.2．ThegoalandframeworkofthesystemThegoalofthesystemistoestablishasetofadvanced,applicable,dependable,efficientYellowRiverwaterresourcesregulationandmanagementsystemwithnationalleadinglevelbasedonthecurrentwork.Ithasbroadbandtransportingcapacity,enablestofinishallkindsofinformationcollection,andprovidessupportfordecisionmakingincompilingwaterregulationscheme,realtimeregulationandsupervisionregulationscheme.ItalsohasthefunctionofprovidinginformationserviceandanalysisandcomputationfortheYellowRiverwaterregulationandmanagement. Afterthesystemcompletion,thefollowingworkcanberealized:1.theYellowRiverwaterregulationinformationcollectingsystembasicallyforms.Thecollectedrainfall,waterabstraction,waterqualityanddroughtinformationcanmeettherequirementsofthedailywaterregulationandtheunifiedwaterregulationintheyellowriver.2.ThecomputernetworkservingtheYellowRiverwaterregulationandmanagementhastobedeveloped.Itcanimprovethetimelinessanddependabilityofwaterregulationinformationcollectingandordertransporting,andrealizeinformationsharingamongvariouswaterregulationsectors.3.Itcanmakewaterregulationconsultationandworkingenvironmentadvanced,reliable,stable,andprovidesreliableguaranteefornormaloperationofwaterregulationandmanagementsystem.4.inordertomonitorandsearchrealtimeoperationoftheYellowRiverwaterregulation,thelargescaleapplicablesoftwaresystemhastobeestablishedtoprovidesupportforwaterregulationcentertoimplementwaterregulationandmanagement,andformajorworkingprocessoftheyellowriverwaterregulationandmanagement.Theefficiencyandlevelofwaterregulationhasbeenimproved.TheYellowRiverwaterregulationandmanagementsystemcentersaroundwaterregulationcenter.Itconstitutesfourtypesofinformationcollectingsystem,fivelevelnetworktransportingstructure,threeleveldatasavingmethods/threelevelregulationandmanagementcenter,twotypesofmiddleparts,11regulationmodelsanddecisionmakingsupportingsystem.TheframeworkoftheYellowRiverwaterregulationandmanagementsystemisshowninFigure1Figure1:theframeworkoftheYellowRiverwaterregulationandmanagementsystem3ThesystemconstructionAfterseveralyearsofsystemconstruction,theoutlineoftheYellowRiverwaterregulationandmanagementsystemhasbeenestablished,andgreatprogresshasbeenmadeinconstructionofinformationcollecting,computernetworksystem,decisionmakingsupportingandtheenvironmentofYellowRiverwaterregulationcenter.Theworkingefficiencyhasbeenimprovedtogreatextent,itenhancedscientificwaterregulationandimprovedtheregulationaccuracy,andprovidesmorescientificbasisforregulationdecisionmaking.Duringnodryingupintheyellowriverunder6consecutivedryyears,theachievementsofsystemconstructionplaysirreplaceablerole，anditachievedgreateconomic,socialandecologicalprofits,fullyembodythe importantroleofinformatizationandmodernizationinwaterresourcesregulationandmanagement3.1InformationcollectingsystemByconstructinginformationcollectingsystemincludingrainfallinformationcollectingsystemandwaterabstractioninformationsystemandwaterqualityinformationcollectingsystem,Itimprovedinformationcollectingmeansofwaterregulationandmanagementsystem,anddatacollectingcapabilityandefficiencyofbasicinformation,providesinformationsourcesfortheapplicationofwaterregulationandmanagementsystem.3.1.1RainfallinformationcollectingsystemThecompletedconstructionachievementsinclude:thelowflowmeasuringsuspendingboxcableprojectatGaocunhydrologicalstation,theintroductionof9210systemofChinaMeteorologicalBureau,thelowflowmeasuringboatconstructionatXiaheyanandShizuishanhydrologicalstation,thevelocityanddirectionofwaterflowmeasuringequipmentsatShizuishan,Xiaheyan,TouDaoguai,Huayuankou,Gaocun,Lijinhydrologicalstation.3.1.2WaterabstractioninformationcollectingsystemTheconstructionofwaterabstractioninformationcollectingsystemincludewaterabstractionandreturnflowinformationmonitoringsystematSanshenggonghydraulicworksintheupperQingtongxiacityandlongdistancemonitoringsystemofthelowerwaterdiversionsluice.TheachievementofwaterabstractioninformationcollectingsystemincludewaterabstractionandreturnflowinformationmonitoringsystematSanshenggonghydraulicworksintheupperQingtongxiacityinclude:（1）automaticwaterabstractioninformationmonitoring.（2）automaticreturnflowinformationmonitoringsystem.(3)manmeasuredreturnflowinformationintegration.（4）itperfectedwaterabstractionandreturnflowinformationofsomeirrigationdistrictsintheprovincesofNingxiaandinnerMongoliaofdatabaseintheYELLOWRiverwaterregulationcenter.Itrealizedthewebserviceinquirysystemofcomingwaterforecast,hydraulicworksoperation,theriverdischarge,wateruseplanandwaterusestatitics.Thelongdistancemonitoringsystemofwaterdiversionsluiceintheloweryellowriveraimstomakeuseofmodernelectronics,telecommunication,computertechnologytocompletetheinformationcollecting,transportingandcontrollingofthesluices.After3yearsofconstruction,77waterabstractionsluiceshaverealizedremotemonitoring,measuringandcontrolling.Theautomaticwaterlevelinformationcollectingbelowandupthewaterabstractionsluicesandtheautomaticcollectingheightofthesluicelifthavebeenrealized.ThroughshortwaveandYRCCcomputernetworktransmission,datacollectingcenter(municipallevelbureau)ordatagatheringnotes(countrylevelbureau)canreceive,moderateprocessinformationfromitsaffiliatedstations.ThewaterregulationcenterinYRCCandShangdongbureauandHenanbureaucanautomaticallymonitorandcontrolinterprovincewaterabstractionsluices.thewholestructureofthesystemisshowninfigure2. Figure2:thestructureofremotemonitoringsystemofwaterabstractionsluices.Sincethetrialrunofthesystem,therealtimewaterabstractioninformationcollectinghasbeenrealized,itprovideseffectivetechnologicalsupportforimprovingtheregulationaccuracy,theremotemonitoring,measuringandcontrollingofwaterabstractionsluice,anditplaysimportantroleinwaterregulationandsupervisionmanagement,controllingdryingoutintheloweryellowriver,andreducingconflicts.3.1.3WaterqualityinformationcollectingsystemWaterqualityinformationcollectingsystemaimstoimprovemonitoringequipments,includingallocatingasetofCODmeasurementequipmentandasetofatomicfluorescencespectrumequipmentforwaterqualitymonitoringcenteratBaotouStation,QingtongxiastationandSanmenxiareservoirareaandallocatingasetofmultiparameteronsitedeterminatorrespectivelyforthebasinmonitoringcenterandShandongwaterenvironmentmonitoringcenter,andallocatingwaterqualitymobilelabfortheupperLanzhoumonitoringcenter.Throughtheprojectconstructionandapplication,thecombinednewwaterqualitysystemoffixedlabmonitoring,dynamicmonitoringofmobilelabmonitoringandrealtimemonitoringofwaterqualityautomaticmonitoringstationhasbeenbasicallyformed.Therepresent,reliabilityandscientificofthemonitoringresultshasbeen improved.Theunifiedmanagementofwaterquantityandqualitybywateradministrativesectorshasbeenimproved,itmetthepubicaccesstowaterusesafety,itgreatlypromotedsocialstabilityandensurethesustainabledevelopmentofeconomyintherivebasin.3.2ComputerinternetsystemInordertomeetthewaterregulationsystemtotheneedsoftheinformationtransmission,accordingtothedistributioncharacteristicsandcommunicationconditionofthenetworknodeinthewaterregulationsystem,areasonablenetworkofnetworkingprogramshasbeendeveloped,thelargestwaterregulationcomputernetworksystemwiththemostextensivecoverageandcomplexnetworkingstructurehasbeenestablished.NetworkcoveragerelatedtotheupperreachesoftheYellowRiverandthelowerreachesofanumberofprovincesandunitsofthesector,extensivedistributionnetworknodes,accordingtothedifferencesoftheconditionsaroundthecommunicationsector,1000MBEthernet,broadbandwirelesslocalareanetwork,Internetconnectivityandotherwide-areanetworkingtechnologyareusedrespectively.Thelargeandcomplexwide-areanetworksystemwithfivelevelshasbeenbuilttoconnectwaterregulationcenterofYRCCtothetwoprovincialbureaus,themainwaterregulationsectorsalongtheYellowRiver,municipalbureaus,countybureausandmainwaterdiversionengineering. Figure3ComputernetworktopologyofwaterRegulationsystemThegeneralregulationcenterlocalareanetworkandintegratedcablingsystemhavebeenestablished.RelatedinformationnetworkaccesspointsinYRCChavebeenimproved.Thesluiceengineeringinthelowerreacheshaveaccesstonetwork.Thenetworkcoveragehavebeenexpandedfurther.ThenetworkconnectionbetweenYRCCandthemainprovincialareaintheupperreaches,includingGansu,Ningxia,InnerMongoliaWaterResourcesDepartment,InnerMongoliaHetaoirrigationareaAuthority,theYellowRiverEngineeringBureau,Ningxia-InnerMongoliaHydrologicalBureau.Networkisprovidedfortherapidandreliabletransmissionofvarioustypesofcollectedinformation.WaterregulationcomputernetworktopologyisshowninFigure3.Atpresent,thenetworkrunssmoothly,whichprovideguaranteeforfastcollectionofinformation,reliabletransmissionbyinternet.Inaddition,theQingtongxia,Sanshenggongwaterdiversionandrecessioninformationcollectionsystemhavebeenoperatedwiththesupportofthenetwork.3.3Decision-makingSupportSystemFortherationalallocationofwaterresourcesoftheYellowRiver,toeasethecontradictionbetweensupplyanddemand,improvingtheecologicalenvironmentandpreventtheriverdryingup,sothatthelimitedwaterresourcesoftheYellowRivertoplayagreateroverallefficiency,thereisanurgentneedtoimprovewaterregulationdecision-makingsupporttools,tochangeassoonaspossible,‘handwork+experience’backwardmode,forwhich,contingencyarrangementsfortheimplementationofprogramstosupportdecision-makingsystem,includingwaterregulationprocessingsystemandintegratedmonitoring,waterregulationprogramsmanagementsystems,real-timeregulationofwaterdictionarydatabaseandtablestructure,decisionsupportsystemsoftwareintegration,andsoon.(A)WaterregulationbusinessprocessingandcomprehensivemonitoringsystemTheachievementsincludes:databasedevelopment,waterregulationinformationservices,integratedmonitoringandearlywarningsystemsandbusinessprocessingsystems.(B)WaterregulationplansmanagementsystemFromofficiallylaunchedonAugust2002,aftertwoyearsofconstruction,thewaterregulationplanmanagementsystemwiththefunctionofprogramcompilation,programmanagement,programselectionandthree-dimensionalsimulationhavebeenformattedbasically.(C)Thecompilationofreal-timedatabasedictionaryandtablestructureofwaterregulationFortheestablishmentofnormsofwaterregulationsystem,anurgentneedforthepreparationofa‘waterregulationstructureofthedatabase tablesanddatadictionary’.‘WaterRegulationstructureofthedatabasetablesanddatadictionary’wasexaminedandagreedbytheleadinggroupof‘DigitalYellowRiver’Projectthattheapprovalforthe‘DigitalYellowRiver’projectcriteria,standardsnameandcodeare:‘WaterRegulationstructureofthedatabasetablesanddatadictionary’SZHH14-2004,andsinceOctober20,2004comeintooperation.(D)Low-flowregulationmodelinthedownstreamofXiaolangdiintheYellowRiverLow-flowregulationmodelinthedownstreamofXiaolangdiintheYellowRiverisareal-timewaterregulationsoftwaresystemforthelowflowconditionsinthelowerreaches,facingtotheactualregulationandcombiningthepracticalandadvancednatures.Accordingtotheactualday-to-dayneeds,combinedwiththedifferentwaterandwaterusinginthelowerreachesindifferentseasons,takenthepreventationofzeroflowatLijinsectionasdominatecondition,considerthewaterusinginthedifferentsectionsdownstreamofXiaolangdi,riverlossesandotherfactors,theregulationmodelsystemmayputforwardthemonth,tendays,dayprogramsofwaterregulationtomeettherequirementsoftheanti-drying,andthedominatedischargeofthemainhydrologicalsectionsinthelowreachesandthesuggestionsforthedistributionofwaterbetweenriversections,guideallocationofreservoiroperationandriverwater,andpreventingthenextstop,earlywarningforthesecuritysituationoficefloodcontrolandtheprovisionsuggestionsforwaterusing,andprovideareferenceforthescientificregulationandrationalallocationofthewaterresourcesinthelowreachesoftheYellowRiverbelowXiaolangdiinthelowwaterseason,andthepreventofzeroflowandsecurityofwatersupply.(E)FlowroutingmodelintheupperreachesofNingxia-InnerMongoliasectionoftheYellowRiverFlowroutingmodelintheupperreachesofNingxia-InnerMongoliasectionoftheYellowRivercanperformthefollowingfunctions:(1)Takingdayascalculatingperiod,accordingtotheLiujiaxiareservoirdischarge,carryingoutforwardroutingcalculating,thesectiondischargeofthemainhydrologicalstationsdownstreamLiujiaxiacanbyputforwardandrollingdailyupdate.(2)Flowroutingcalculationcanbeperformedinthewholeriverorinsections,takingthecontroldischargeasboundaryandadjustthechangeofwaterdiversion,waterrecession,riverlosses,andsectiondischarge.(3)Itcangiveearlywarningforthefuturesituationofthepreventionofzeroflow,ensurethecontinuousflowinriveronthespecialcircumstances,providebasicadvicefordiversioncontrol.(4)Itcancarryoutthecalculationofseveralwaterregulationprograms.(5)Itcanconnectwiththecomprehensivedatabaseofgeneralregulationcenterandupdatedataintime.(6)Ithasavarietyofwayswiththeimport,exportandqueryfunctions. TheaccomplishmentofthedevelopmentofNingxia-InnerMongoliaupperreachesoftheYellowRiverflowroutingmodelprovidetechnicalsupportandinformationofdecision-makingfortheintegratedregulationofwaterresourcesinupperstream,andtheeffectivecontrolandmanagementofwaterusingintheriversection.DThegeneralregulationcenterTheYellowRiverwatergeneralregulationcenteristhecenteroftheYellowRiverwaterintegratedregulationandmanagement,schedulingintheprocessofprogramming,policy-makingmeeting,information(including:diversioninformation,water,rainfall,drought,weatherinformation),monitorthesluiceworkareallperformedhere.ThefoundationoftheYellowRiverwatergeneralregulationcenterprovidegoodworkingandsystemoperatingenvironmentforwaterregulation,reflectthefunctionoftheregulationmanagementsystemcomprehensively.4.ApplicationeffectsofthesystemThesuccessoftheapplicationofthewaterregulationmanagementsystemintheYellowRivermakepeopleseetheapplicationforegroundofthesystemandstrengthentheconfidenceofbuildingthesystem.Fromthefollowingaspectscanbereflectedintheactualoutcomeofthesystemmadenotableresults.(A)Applicationeffectonlow-flowmodelThelow-flowregulationmodelinthelowerreachesoftheYellowRiverinspringandsummer,autumnandwinterseasonsadopttheconstructionprincipleofdeveloping,applyingandimprovingatthesametime,tomakesuretheclosecombinationofresearchanddevelopmentandproduction,andgetagoodapplicationeffect.Sincetheapplicationofthemodel,technologicalcontentintheregulationhasbeenimprovedfurtherinthedryseasonoftheYellowRiver,andreliablebasishavebeenprovidedtooptimizetheallocationofwaterresources,theimplementationofsophisticatedregulation,whichplayahugeroleintheworktopreventzeroflowintheYellowRiverandmaketheallocationofwaterresourcesbecomemorereasonable,savewatereffectively,improvetheaccuracyandtimelinessofwaterregulationintheYellowRiver.(B)ApplicationeffectonprogrammingandmanagementSincetheformalapplicationoftheYellowRiverWaterRegulationprogrammingandmanagementsystemfrom2004to2005regulationperiod,"fromJuly2004toJune2005oftheYellowRiverfortheannualallocationofwaterandNon-floodseasoninthemainstreamofwaterregulationplan,"andfromNovember2004toJune2005monthlyprogramoftheYellowRiverwaterregulation,werecompliedbyusingthissystem.Theapplicationofthesystemgiveaobviousimprovementtotheworkefficiencyofwaterregulation,thecapabilitiesofdecision-makingsupport,theprecisionofwaterregulationandsoon,alsoimprovetheefficiencyofregulation decisionmaking,reflectthetimeliness,improvethecredibilityofthedecision-making,reflectstheprincipleofequitablewater.Theaccuracyofwaterregulationisimproved,theallocationofwaterbecomemorereasonable.(C)ApplicationeffectsonbusinessprocessingandcomprehensivemonitoringsystemWaterRegulationbusinessandcomprehensivemonitoringsystemimprovetheworkofthedegreeofautomationoftheday-to-daybusiness,reducetheintensityofwork,increaseoperationalefficiency.Improvedtechnicalmeanstogatherinformationanddealwithinquiriesbemoreconvenient.Improvetheoperationalefficiencyandreducetheintensityofthework.(D)ApplicationeffectsonsluiceremotemonitoringsystemLowerYellowRiversluiceremotemonitoringsystemisastrongmeanstoensurethecontinuousflowintheYellowRiver,enhancescientificandtechnologicallevelofwaterregulationinthelowerreachesoftheYellowRiver,andimprovetheworkefficiency,improvetheresponseoftheemergencyresponsecapability,enrichthesupervisingmeansonregulation.(E)ApplicationeffectsoninfrastructureTheinfrastructureintheYellowRiverwaterresourcesregulationmanagementsystemisthebasicsupportofthesystem.Scientificdecision-makinginregulationworkcannotbeseparatedfromtheinformationandmeansprovidedbyinfrastructureLowwatertestsuspendedboxcablewayprojectinGaocunhydrologicalstationsolvetheproblemoflowwatertest,whichnotonlymeetstheneedsoflow-watercrossingtest,butalsoprotectthepersonalsafety.Theconstructionof"9210"systems,notonlysolvetheshortageofnon-floodseasonweatherdata,butalsoincreasetheamountofinformationofweatherdata,reducethedatareceivingandprocessingtimeandworkload.Theapplicationofthesystemprovidesascientificbasisfordecision-makingonwaterregulation,playagoodrole,andachieveremarkableeconomicandsocialbenefits.Thetwohydrologicallow-watertestingboatbuiltforXiaheyan,Shizuishanstationensurethelow-watersafetytestandimprovetheaccuracyofthelowwatertest.TheacousticDopplervelocimeter(ADV),equippedtoXiaheyan,Shizuishan,Toudaoguai,Huayuankou,Gaocun,Lijinhydrologicalstation,withhighaccuracyonvelocitymeasuringandbesuitabletosmallwaterdepth,improvethemeasuringaccuracyandautomationdegree.5.ConclusionsThroughthegraduallyimprovingandapplyingoftheYellowRiverwaterregulationmanagementsystem,itchangestheinitialstateofthework,strengthenthescientificintegratedregulationofwater,improve regulationaccuracyandrapidresponsecapacity,improvesdecision-makingandmanagement.Remarkableeconomic,socialandecologicalbenefitshavebeenachieved.TheconstructionandoperationofthesystemmarktheYellowRiverwaterregulationtransferringfromtheexperientialdecision-makingtothescientificdecision-makingandfromthejuniorregulationtoseniorregulation.Withthesupportofthesystem,toachieverationaldistributionofwaterresourcesoftheYellowRiver,toeasethecontradictionbetweensupplyanddemand,toimprovetheecologicalenvironment,sothatthelimitedwaterresourcesoftheYellowRiverplayagreateroverallefficiency.WEB上，并且开发出了HotJava的第一个版本。当SUN公司1995年正式以Java这个名字推出的时候，几乎所有的WEB开发人员都心生感叹：噢，这正是我想要的！于是Java成了一颗耀眼的明星，丑小鸭一下子变成了白天鹅。异常表示程序运行过程中可能出现的非正常状态，运行时异常表示虚拟机的通常操作中可能遇到的异常，是一种常见运行错误。java编译器要求方法必须声明抛出可能发生的非运行时异常，但是并不要求必须声明抛出未被捕获的运行时异常。6、说出Servlet的生命周期，并说出Servlet和CGI的区别。Servlet被服务器实例化后，容器运行其init方法，请求到达时运行其service方法，service方法自动派遣运行与请求对应的doXXX方法（doGet，doPost）等，当服务器决定将实例销毁的时候调用其destroy方法。与cgi的区别在于servlet处于服务器进程中，它通过多线程方式运行其service方法，一个实例可以服务于多个请求，并且其实例一般不会销毁，而CGI对每个请求都产生新的进程，服务完成后就销毁，所以效率上低于servlet。7、说出ArrayList,Vector,LinkedList的存储性能和特性ArrayList和Vector都是使用数组方式存储数据，此数组元素数大于实际存储的数据以便增加和插入元素，它们都允许直接按序号索引元素，但是插入元素要涉及数组元素移动等内存操作，所以索引数据快而插入数据慢，Vector由于使用了synchronized方法（线程安全），通常性能上较ArrayList差，而LinkedList使用双向链表实现存储，按序号索引数据需要进行前向或后向遍历，但是插入数据时只需要记录本项的前后项即可，所以插入速度较快。8、EJB是基于哪些技术实现的？并说出SessionBean和EntityBean的区别，StatefulBean和StatelessBean的区别。EJB包括SessionBean、EntityBean、MessageDrivenBean，基于JNDI、RMI、JAT等技术实现。SessionBean在J2EE应用程序中被用来完成一些服务器端的业务操作，例如访问数据库、调用其他EJB组件。EntityBean被用来代表应用系统中用到的数据。对于客户机，SessionBean是一种非持久性对象，它实现某些在服务器上运行的业务逻辑。对于客户机，EntityBean是一种持久性对象，它代表一个存储在持久性存储器中的实体的对象视图，或是一个由现有企业应用程序实现的实体。SessionBean还可以再细分为StatefulSessionBean与StatelessSessionBean，这两种的SessionBean都可以将系统逻辑放在method之中执行，不同的是StatefulSessionBean可以记录呼叫者的状态，因此通常来说，一个使用者会有一个相对应的StatefulSessionBean的实体。StatelessSessionBean虽然也是逻辑组件，但是他却不负责记录使用者状态，也就是说当使用者呼叫StatelessSessionBean的时候，EJBContainer并不会找寻特定的StatelessSessionBean的实体来执行这个method。换言之，很可能数个使用者在执行某个StatelessSessionBean的methods时，会是同一个Bean的Instance在执行。从内存方面来看，StatefulSessionBean与StatelessSessionBean比较，StatefulSessionBean会消耗J2EEServer较多的内存，然而StatefulSessionBean的优势却在于他可以维持使用者的状态。TheInternet’srisehasbeennothingshortofmeteoric.Wemaytakeitforgrantedtoday,usingitforallmanneroftasks,butjustovertenyearsagofewpeoplehadevenheardoftheInternet,letaloneusedit.Forbusinessesandindividuals,theInternetisnowoftenthecommunicationmediumofchoice,enablingthemtointeractwiththeworld.ButtheInternet’soriginsweremoreominousandratherdifferentfromtheever-growing,sprawlingfree-for-allthatexiststoday.Backinthe1960s,theAmericanmilitarywasexperimentingwithmethodsbywhichtheU.S.authoritiesmightbeabletocommunicateintheaftermathofanuclearattack.Thesuggestedsolutionwastoreplacepoint-to-pointcommunicationnetworkslikethetelephonewithasystemthatwasmorerobust.Theydecidedtocreateanetworkandtosendpacketsofdatafromonenodeofthenetworktotheotherinasortofrelayrace.Thismeantthatinformationcouldfinditswayfromplacetoplaceevenifcertainsectionsofthenetworkweredestroyed.AsofMicrosoft®InternetExplorer4.0,youcanapplmultimedia-styleeffectstoyourWebpagesusingvisualfiltersandtransitions.YoucanapplyvisualfiltersandtransitionstostandardHTMLcontrols,suchastextcontainers,images,andotherwindowlessobjects.Transitionsaretime-varyingfiltersthatcreateatransitionfromonevisualstatetoanother.Bycombiningfiltersandtransitionswithbasicscripting,youcancreatevisuallyengagingandinteractivedocuments.InternetExplorer5.5andlatersupportsarichvarietyofoptimizedfilters.ClickthefollowingbuttontoseeademonstrationofmanyofthesefiltersandhowtousetheProceduralsurfacesarecoloredsurfacesthatdisplaybetweenthecontentofanobjectandtheobject"sbackground.Proceduralsurfacesdefineeachpixel"sRGBcolorandalphavaluesdynamically.Onlytheprocedureusedtocomputethesurfaceisstoredinmemory.Thecontentofanobjectwithaproceduralsurfaceappliedisnotaffectedbytheproceduralsurface.警告：此类已序列化的对象将不再与以后的Swing版本兼容。当前的序列化支持适合在运行相同Swing版本的应用程序之间短期存储或RMI。从1.4版开始，已在java.beans包中加入对所有JavaBeansTM的长期存储支持。请参见XMLEncoder。引用类型和原始类型的行为完全不同，并且它们具有不同的语义。引用类型和原始类型具有不同的特征和用法，它们包括：大小和速度问题，这种类型以哪种类型的数据结构存储，当引用类型和原始类型用作某个类的实例数据时所指定的缺省值。对象引用实例变量的缺省值为null，而原始类型实例变量的缺省值与它们的类型有关。当JAVA程序违反了JAVA的语义规则时，JAVA虚拟机就会将发生的错误表示为一个异常。违反语义规则包括2种情况。一种是JAVA类库内置的语义检查。例如数组下标越界,会引发IndexOutOfBoundsException;访问null的对象时会引发NullPointerException。另一种情况就是JAVA允许程序员扩展这种语义检查，程序员可以创建自己的异常，并自由选择在何时用throw关键字引发异常。所有的异常都是java.lang.Thowable的子类。这里我们采用的是Java语言，Java，是由SunMicrosystems公司于1995年5月推出的Java程序设计语言和Java平台的总称。用Java实现的HotJava浏览器（支持Javaapplet）显示了Java的魅力：跨平台、动态的Web、Internet计算。从此，Java被广泛接受并推动了Web的迅速发展，常用的浏览器现在均支持'