生态系统生态学试题

FinalexamforthecourseofEcosystemEcology,April25,2009Name___________StudentNumber__________1.Multiplechoice.Foreachquestion,thereisonlyonebestanswer.Circlethecorrectanswerwithyourpenorpencil.(1pt.each,40pts.total).1).Ifyouaretryingtodevelopaself-containedecosystemthatwillbeshippedintospacetolivebyitself,whichofthefollowingistheminimumsituationrequiredforsuccess:a.autotrophsonlyareneeded.b.autotrophsandheterotrophsbothareneeded.c.autotrophsanddecomposersarebothneeded.d.youmusthaveautotrophs,heterotrophs,anddecomposers.2).Seasonalityinthetropicsismostrelatedtovariationin________whileseasonalityinthetemperatezoneismostrelatedtovariationin__________.a.rainfall,temperatureb.temperature,rainfallc.thetiltoftheearth,thespinoftheearthd.thespinoftheearth,thetiltoftheearth3).Whichofthefollowingnutrientcyclesdirectlycontributestoacidrain?a.phosphoruscycleb.sulfurcyclec.hydrologiccycled.leadcycle4).Desertsareassociatedwithwhichlatitude:?a.equatorialzonesb.45degreesnorthorsouthofequatorc.30degreesnorthorsouthofequatord.theyarenotassociatedwithlatitudeatall5).Whichtypeofresponsecurveismostlikelycharacteristicofmicronutrientssuchasboron?a.linearresponsec.optimumresponseb.saturationresponsed.sigmoidresponse6).Iftheearthspunintheoppositedirection,theclimateofSichuanwouldprobablybe:a.Muchwarmerthroughouttheyear.b.Generallywetterthanitisnow.c.Drierthanitpresentlyis.d.Sichuanwouldbeunaffectedbythechangeinspin.7).Theincreasingconcentrationofchemicals(includingnutrientsorpollutants)inhighertrophiclevelsistermed:a.netprimaryproductivity\nb.biologicalmagnificationc.trophicdynamicsd.biologicalremuneration8).Whichofthefollowingnutrientswithagaseousbiogeochemicalcyclerequiresinteractionswithspecificbacteriatomakethecycle"perfect"?a.oxygenb.nitrogenc.sulfurd.carbon9).Whatistypicaloflocalnutrientcyclesinsituationsthatsupportedtemperategrasslandsbeforehumansettlement?a.largeaccumulationoflitterinthesoilb.veryhighandconstantratesofdecompositionc.mostnutrientsstoredinlivingbiomassd.unusednutrientsrarelyfound10).Higherplantsmostoftenabsorbnitrogenfromthesoilintheformofa.freenitrogengasb.ammoniac.aminoacidsd.nitratese.nitrites11).Asanecosystempassesthroughthestagesofsuccessiona.itsspeciesdiversitydecreasesb.itsbiomassincreasesc.itbecomeslessstabled.itsabilitytowithstandstressdecreases12).Competitiona.describesaninteractioninwhichoneorganismisadverselyaffectedwhiletheotherisunaffectedb.occursonlyoverfoodsourcesc.mayresultinonespeciesdyingofforbeingforcedtochangeitsecologicalniched.occursonlybetweencloselyrelatedorganisms13).Asenergyflowsthroughtheecosystem,theamountavailabletoeachtrophiclevela.decreasesb.increasesc.remainsthesamed.noneoftheprioranswersiscorrect14).Whenweeatvegetablesweareactingasa.producersb.primaryconsumers\nc.secondaryconsumersd.decomposers15).Whyhasearth’sclimatewarmedoverthepast150years?a.increasedgreenhousegasconcentrationb.increasedsolarinputc.land-useandland-coverchanged.aandce.alloftheabove16).WhydoseasonsoccuronEarth?a.earth’sdistancefromthesunvariesthroughouttheyear.b.theCoriolisforcec.becauseofthetiltofearth’saxis.d.becausetheearthisclosetothesuninthesummerandfarfromthesuninthewinter.e.becauseofseasonalchangesinalbedo17).Whichofthefollowinghasthehighestalbedo?a.seaiceb.freshsnowc.tundrad.deserte.standingdeadgrass18).Turnoverofplanttissuesis_________inthearcticcomparedtothetropics.a.slowerb.fasterc.aboutthesamed.energeticallymoreexpensivee.noneoftheabove19).Ofthefollowing,whichisthebestsubstitutionforNPP?a.photosyntheticcapacityb.productivityperunitleafareac.totalleafaread.specificleafareae.averageleafNconcentration20).WhichseasonoftheyearhasthehighestconcentrationofCO2intheatmosphereoftheNorthernHemisphere?a.summerb.autumnc.winterd.spring21).WaterisimportantintheEarthsystembecausea.it’snecessaryforlifeb.itexistsinnatureingas,liquid,andsolidstatesc.inchangingfromonestatetoanotherenergyisstoredorreleased\nd.init’svariousphasesitistheprimarymediumbywhichenergyistransmittedamongEarth’sreservoirs.e.alloftheabove.22).Wind-drivenoceancurrentsoccurina.thedeepoceanb.thesurfaceoceanc.thedeepandthesurfaceoceand.donotoccurintheocean23).Betweenwhichreservoirsdoesmostofcarbontransfertakeplace?a.betweentheatmosphereandrocksb.betweentheatmosphereandtheoceanc.betweentheatmosphereandbiomassd.betweentheoceanandrocks.24).ForasystemthatisinSteadyStatea.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirisconstantwithtime.b.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirgrowsovertime.c.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirdeclinesovertime.d.inflowdoesnotequaloutflow.25).Whatarethemechanismsofinflowandoutflowintheshort-termorganiccarboncycle?a.diffusionandlithificationb.platetectonicsandrespirationc.photosynthesisandrespirationd.lithificationandrespiration26).Theinorganiccarboncycledescribesthewaythatcarbonistransportedamongthereservoirsoftheatmosphere,ocean,andsolidEartha.bymechanismsthatinvolvelivingorganisms.b.bymechanismsthatdonotinvolvelivingorganisms.c.byallmechanisms.d.bymechanismsthatusepesticidesorhormones.27).Chemicalweatheringoccurswhena.CO2dissolvesintheoceanb.Rocks(CaCO3andCaSiCO3)aredissolvedbyrainwaterandarewashedintotheocean.c.Volcaniceruptionsemitdustandgasesintotheatmosphered.Burningoffossilfuelcausesacidrain.28).Goatsdependonautotrophsfortheproductionof:a.oxygenb.carbohydratesc.bothoftheaboved.goatsareautotrophy\n29).Thenumberofindividualsthatanareacansupportreferstoits:a.birthrateb.deathratec.carryingcapacityd.ecologicalniche30).Criticallyimportantmineralsandotheressentialsubstanceswouldbepermanentlylosttoorganismsifitwerenotforthe:a.producersb.consumers c.decomposersd.niches31).Whodevelopedthefivefactorsofsoilformationthatconstrainsoilandecosystemdevelopment?a.ArthurTanselyb.JohnDerrickOvingtonc.HansJennyd.RaymondL.Lindeman32).PETisalways________AETa.>b.Mineralization39).WhichofthefollowingpairedprocessesareNOTexactopposites?a.mineralizationvs.immobilizationb.humusformationvs.biomassaccumulationc.photosynthesisvs.respirationd.absorptionvs.adsorption40).Plantsinproductiveecosystems(highGPPandhighNPP)tendtohave________leaveswitha______photosyntheticcapacity.a.short-lived,lowb.long-lived,lowc.short-lived,highd.long-livedhighe.red,smooth2.Definethefollowingtermsorterminologiesinyourbriefestlanguage(Choose10from14)(1pt.each,10pts.total).1).Modulator2).Adaptivemanagement3).Closedsystem4).Greenhousegas\n5).Normalizeddifferencevegetationindex(NDVI)6).Compensationpoint7).Rootexudation8).Down-regulation9).Ahorizon10).Wateruseefficiency11).Bulkdensity12).Ecosystemapproach13).Latentheatflux14).Macronutrients15).Specialistherbivore3.Choose15fromthefollowing20shortanswerquestions(Thesecanbeansweredinasentenceortwo,orevenafewwords.Longeranswersarenotnecessary.Pleasedonotchoosemorethan15.2pts.each,30pts.total)1).Withrisingatmospheric[CO2],doyouexpecttherangeofC4plantstoincrease,decrease,orremainthesame?\n2).Whatare3waysplantsuptakenutrients?3).DescribetheshorttermresponsestowaterstressinC3plants.4).Togainanadvantagefromfeedingrootsymbiontshowmuchmustphotosynthesisincrease?5).Ifyouhavetwoleavesofsimilarnutrientquality(offthesametree)-underwhatconditionswouldtheydecomposeatdifferentrates?6).WhatistherelationshipbetweenHeterotrophicRespiration,NetPrimaryProduction,NetEcosystemProduction?7).Giveonereasonwhythepresenceofplantscanaccelerateweathering?8).Whydoesatmospherictemperaturedecreasewithaltitudeinthetroposphere?9).Becausemicrobesgainenergythroughoxidation,whichofthesebondswillprovidethemwiththemostenergy:C-CorC=C?10).Whatisthepurposeforaplanttoproducetanninsand/orotherphenoliccompounds?11).Whatarethe4keydriversforplantphotosynthesis?\n12).Inorderofimportancewhatarethetwonitrogeninputstoallecosystems?13).Ismoreplantmatterconsumedbyherbivoresorconsumedthroughdecomposers?14).Howdoyoudetermineifanutrientislimitingtoaplant?15).Wouldasoilconsistingofclayparticlesholdmoreorlesswaterthanasandysoil?16).Cationsinsoilsolutiondifferintheiraffinityforcationexchangesites.Givethecorrectorderforthefollowingcationsfromthestrongestaffinitytotheweakest?Ca2+,H+,NH4+,Al3+17).Theprimarylimitingelementwasshowntochangeasonegoesfromtheyoungsoilstotheoldtropicalforestedarea.Whatwaslimitinginyoungsoilforests,andwhatwaslimitingintheoldsoilforests?18).Inanecosystemwith4trophiclevelswithstrongtop-downcontrol,willremovaloftoppredatorsincreaseordecreasebiomassofprimaryproducers?19).Whatisthedifferencebetweengeneraldecompositionandmineralization?20).Eventhoughoceansandterrestrialecosystemsfixaboutthesameamountofcarboneachyear,whydoestheterrestrialenvironmentalwayshaveaverylargereservoiroflivingcarbonwhile\ntheoceandoesnot?4.Choosefivefromfollowingshortessayquestions(Pleasegiveyouranswersonseparatesheetofpaper.Donotchoosemorethan5.4pts.each,20pts.total)1)ExplainmajordifferencesbetweentheNandPcycles.2)Discussthetrade-offsinherentinmaximizingphotosyntheticrateandmaximizingleaflongevity.3)AnswerthefollowingquestionsaboutDENITRIFICATION.a)whatisit?b)whyisitimportant?c)whodoesit?d)whatcontrolsare?e)whatarethefatesoftheproductsofdenitrification?4).WhataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofC4photosynthesis?5).Explainthedifferencebetweenresilienceandresistance.Usediagramstoillustrateyourexplanation6).Ithasbeenstatedthatplantsaredirectlycompetingwithmicrobesfornutrientsinsoil.Whymightmicrobesactuallyhelpplantsobtainnutrientsonhighnutrientsites?7).Explaintheoriginsofeachofthefollowingelementsfoundinplanttissues:carbon,nitrogen,potassium,andmanganese.Foreachelement,describethelocationwhereitenterstheplant.8).AssumingthattheaffinitiesofZ-biscoareequaltorubiscoineverywaybutwithgreaterheattolerance.WhichC3plantwillhaveabetterWUEandwhy:onewithrubiscooronewithZ-bisco.9).Acommonmethodforstudyingnutrientcyclesistocollectwaterasitpassesthroughanecosystem.Pleaseidentifythe4majortypesofsolutionsthatshouldbecollected.10).HowwouldyouexpectthephotosyntheticresponsecurvestodifferbetweenanAspensunleaf(foundatthetopofthecanopy)andanAspenshadeleaf(foundatthebottomofthecanopy)?5.Bonusquestion(PleasetranslatefollowingquestionsintoChinese,thengivebriefanswertoeachofthem.5pts).Pleasegivesuggestionsonhowto1)improvethecurriculumdesignofthecourse;2)enhancetheinteractionsbetweenthelecturerandthestudents;3)improvetheeffectivenessashowthelectureisdelivered.